نقد و تحلیل برگردان‌های عربی رباعیات خیام

این پژوهش تلاش دارد برگردان‌های عربی رباعیات خیام را موردنقد و تحلیل قرار دهد؛ ازاین‌رو، در آغاز به شرح مختصری از زندگی و جایگاه این شاعر و ریاضی‌دان ایرانی و دیدگاه‌های مطرح ازسوی خیام‌شناسان پرداخته است. سپس اثر سترگ او در برگردان نامداران جهان عرب موردبحث قرار گرفته است. در این بخش ابتدا از تاریخچۀ رباعی، رباعیات خیام، ترجمه و چگونگی ورود آن به جهان عرب سخن به میان آمده، سپس از عوامل اثرگذار پیش روی مترجمان عرب تحت عناوینی چون ایدئولوژی، سپهرِ گفتمان زبان مبدا و مقصد، قالب‌های ترجمه، ترجمه از زبان واسطه و سرانجام سازوکارهای مترجمان با آوردن شواهد متنوع بحث شده است. در موضوع ایدئولوژی از تاثیرگذاری ایدئولوژی مترجم و زبان مقصد و در سپهرِ گفتمان از تحول و دگرگونی متن و توفیق یا عدم توفیق مترجم سخن رفته است. پایبندی به قالب اصلی رباعی و یا عدم پایبندی به آن و نتایج حاصل از آن در روند ترجمه و همچنین بهره‌گیری از زبان واسطه و تاثیرگذاری مثبت و منفی و احیاناً مخرب آن در ترجمه، مانند دیگر موضوعات از جایگاه ویژه‌ای در این بحث برخوردار است. در این گفتار علاوه بر موارد طرح‌شده، سازوکارهای شخصی مترجمان و تاثیرگذاری آنان در تصریح، تلطیف، تغییر و حذف به انتقال معنای دریافتی از زبان مبدا که معمولاً برخاسته از فهم و درک نادرست و یا زبان واسطه و یا اختلاف فرهنگی است به بحث گذاشته شده است. در پایان یادآور می‌شود که شیوۀ به‌کاررفته در این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است؛ بدیهی است که برای تبیین و غنای هر چه بیشتر این پژوهش از نمونه‌های متفاوت مترجمان سرشناس عرب، بهره‌گیری و درنهایت یافته‌های این پژوهش به‌صورت یک جمع‌بندی به‌عنوان نتیجه به خواننده این سطور عرضه شده است.

criticism and analysis of arabic translations of khayyam’s rubaiyat (quatrains)

in this research, an attempt has been made to criticize and analyze the arabic translations of khayyam’s quatrains. therefore, at the beginning, the history of the quatrains, khayyam’s quatrains, the translations done in the west, and how they entered the arab world have been discussed. next, arab translators’ methods have been criticized and analyzed under titles such as ideology, source and target language discourse, translation formats, and translation from the intermediate language by bringing evidence. in the topic of ideology, the influence of the ideology of the translator and the target language, and in the context of discourse, the evolution and transformation of the text and the potential of the translator’s success have been discussed. the translator’s adherence to the main quatrain format or non-adherence to it, as well as its results in the translation process, in addition to the use of the intermediary language and its positive and negative and sometimes destructive effects in the translation, like other cases, have a special place in this study. in the present research, in addition to what has been said, the personal choices and methods of translators and their influence in clarifying, stylization, changing and deleting, the transfer of the received meaning from the source language which is affected by misunderstanding or intermediate language or cultural differences, have been critically analyzed.keywords: khayyam’s quatrains, arabic translation, ideology, context of discourse, quatrain format.  introductionalthough the great brilliance of men like ferdowsi, hafez, saadi, attar, khayyam, and molavi in the sky of the vast land of iran has aroused the admiration of the researchers of the arab world and many works in this regard have entered the field of literature, but among the persian language poets, omar khayyam has a special place and fame in the arab world. in such a way, omar khayyam and his quatrains have attracted the attention of researchers and arabic gatherings more than any persian poet. the existence of nearly a hundred translations of his quatrains in arabic shows this attention. in this respect, adib taqi dameshqi says: despite the fact that khayyam’s quatrains are not among the best masterpieces of iranian genius, and although khayyam’s position is not such that other iranian poets have not been able to achieve it, what is the secret of this superiority and priority of literature, a phenomenon that may make people wonder (safi najafi, n.d.: 17). in response to this question, reza tawfiq bek, a turkish philosopher, says in his book khayyam’s quatrains that: this success achieved by khayyam’s quatrains is derived from his understanding of the meaning of life based on the present taste and civilization, the basic principles of which are arranged in a new way in his quatrains; westerners have not turned to khayyam except because they saw him as a contemporary european sage and followed his teachings (ibid: 18).khayyam’s name is omar, his nickname (kunya) is abū al-fatḥ, and known as ghiyāth al-dīn. the reason for his fame as khayyam or khayami is not known correctly. it has been said that his father had this title and may have been a curtain maker (foroughi, 1379: 13).what is certain is that during the reign of jalal al-din malik shah seljuqi and the ministry of khwaja nizam al-mulk in the year 467 a.h. when they wanted to correctly determine the order of the calendar according to the astronomical rules, they chose a group of scientists for this purpose to arrange the calculation, and khayyam was one of those scientists, and it seems that he was ahead of everyone (foroughi, 1379 ad: 13 and 14).literature reviewalthough the research studies that have been done about khayyam and his quatrains cannot be counted, in line with the title of this research, we can refer to the following items:- the article analysis of yusuf hossein bekar’s critical views on the translations of khayyam’s quatrains based on antoine berman’s theory written by zahra bavand, shahriar rahmati, touraj zeinivand, and ali salimi. in this article, the respected authors’ critical opinions on the book al-tarjamat al-arabiyyah lerobaiyat al-khayyam are examined based on carman’s theory.- the article review and analysis of arabic translations of khayyam’s quatrains written by hossein kiani and saeed hesampour, respected authors, although they have discussed the translation of rami and saraf in general terms in their research, but they have not provided an example for their theoretical discussions.-