بایسته‌های مدیریت سیاسی شهر در نظریه‌های انتقادی پسامدرن

امروزه، شهرها، با جمعیت فزاینده و استفاده روزافزون از منابع، از چنان پیچیدگی و مسائلی برخوردارند که توجه بسیاری از حکمرانان و سیاست‏ورزان را به خود جلب کرده‌اند. کلان‌شهرهای امروزی با جمعیت پُرشمار و استفاده حداکثری از منابع، چالش‏های پُرمناقشه‏ای در سپهر سیاسی کشورها پدید آورده‌اند. مسائل و مناسبات شهری در جغرافیا در زیرشاخه‏هایی چون جغرافیای شهری (در ایران با نام جغرافیا و برنامه‏ریزی شهری، جغرافیای سیاسی، یا ژئوپلیتیک شهری) بررسی می‏شود. شهر در جهان امروز گسترده‏ترین و پیچیده‏ترین فضایی است که در آن ابعاد مهم سیاست و قدرت متبلور می‏شود. مجموعه متعدد و متنوعی از ساختارها و نهادهای مالی پولی و سیاسی، انجمن‏ها، موسسه‏ها و شرکت‏ها و ساخت‏های دولتی شهر را به یکی از فضاهای بازیگری مهم و سرنوشت‌ساز در کشورها تبدیل کرده است. به‌دلیل اهمیت مسائل و معضلات مدیریتیسیاسی کلان‌شهرها، که در ابعاد کشوری نیز تبلور می‏یابد، پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی به بررسی چگونگی مدیریت سیاسی شهر از منظر نظریه پساساختارگرایی پرداخته است. نتایج نشان می‏دهد ساده‏سازی و استانداردسازی فضا در شهرها یکی از مهم‌ترین کاستی‏های مدیریت سیاسی آن محسوب می‏شود؛ به‏گونه‏ای که شهرها، به‏ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه، از ساختار پیچیده سیاسی، اقتصادی، و محیطی قدرت‏محور بهچارچوب هندسی رقابتی توسعه‏محور تقلیل یافته‏اند. در یک نمونه عینی، در کلان‌شهر تهران با مدیریتی هندسیفیزیکی صرفاً به گردش سرمایه و سودآوری در فضای این شهر توجه شده است که نتیجه آن افزایش لجام‌گسیخته ساخت‌وسازها، تخریب طبیعت، انفجار جمعیت، و نیز تشدید فاصله مرکزپیرامون است.

Urban Political Management in PostModern Critical Theories

IntroductionUrban political management is an interdisciplinary field of political sciences, sociology, management and geography. At the view of critical theories, Euclidean approach practices replaced civil actors in their political context, selectively. Outcome of this process is the inability in representation of complex and heterogeneous spaces in a networkrelational space of the city and sophisticated problems of it. Euclidean perspective is categorized, disjunctive and separated and it seeks decreasing, and reductionism. But, poststructuralism theory in which combined with the approach of ecology wants to include the city in the set of all combinations and entities until to maintain from the whole human– natural realities, simultaneously. The methodology study of is analyticaldescriptive and its hypothesis is that is seems the political construction space of cities is Indispensable for to meet with complexities of urban contemporary heterogeneous environment by using of the different politics approach. The lowincome population migrates to a city, inhabits and lives there. The urban designer has to be familiar with this major community, for if not, the city will be designed and developed as an alien city for the majority of the community that live there. The lowincome community comes from the rural area and has their own worldview, a Cosmocentric ontology (the worldview that humans have been ruled by an external superpower), entering the city with recent development in the modern paradigm and modern ontology. This different ontological foundation plays as the root of a wider and wider gap as time goes by and the population grows larger and larger. Methodology The methodology of this study is descriptiveanalytical and the required information has been collected through library research. The information was gathered from sources such as books, magazines, online articles, newspapers, etc.Results and discussionPostmodernism is presented as an antiModern movement seeking to escape from everything that had so far represented modernity: negativity, contradiction and contrasts. However, there are times when it is difficult to overcome this established solution. Postmodern architecture is understood as the culmination of a social and technological transformation. In this way, the individual moves to a new city, understood by means of expression of the society that had until then inhabited the empty and meaningless buildings of the Modern Movement and the International Style. Over time, the International Style was outpaced with the help of architects who sought freedom from the rigid dictates of this school. Buildings somehow abandoned the slavish adherence limits to modernist geometry, replacing it with new designs (for instance, a return to external decoration). Instead of symbolically encountering the surrounding landscape constructed with rectangular buildings, in the Postmodernity, we observe buildings with protruding corners, a number of different levels and substantially more ornamentation on the outside. The planning of the city, according to the Modern Movement encouraged the spatial segregation of social functions, the death of suburban sidewalks and the city’s grid system. Instead of that, the new Postmodern urbanists aspired to integrate previously separate elements. They conceived a more relevant urban life for the visitor, guiding neighborhoods to gain easy access to all transport service. The promoters of this style were “antimodernists” in their belief – society should return to a more community and environmentfriendly model. For instance, some traditional designed elements of houses, such as porches and sidewalks, were remarkably favored in order to allow people to socialize, closing ties with the community.Postmodernism succeed thanks to a willingness to change, with the aim of creating a new expression. This manifestation was not only artistic but also cultural, which, in return, will bring a new and contradictory changing aesthetic experience that seeks to represent contemporary society. The creation of the Postmodern city primarily depends on the association between symbols and signs, and which follow the demand of society itself. Postmodern cities are not intended to accommodate the individual, but instead, aim to distract the society. The succession of different Postmodern, dreamlike, unreal spaces distract society, making them believe that individuals are living in a utopia created in their image and likeness. It will be necessary, in turn, associate all these representative symbols of Postmodern ideology –architectural materialization itself– in order to meet the basic objective of these constructions, that is, to create a city that conforms an image of Postmodern culture.During Postmodernism the desire to create larger cities grows, impersonal and empty of architectural content, but which, in turn, can be fully identifiable by individuals through symbols and images. In order to value Postmodern cities and put them in open relation to the society that rules them, it is necessary to understand the symbols, signs and icons that appear in the viewer’s eyes. Thus, the architects of these cities work from these symbols to construct a new architectural representation for the city. It is, therefore, an urban framework, set by the signs given by the company itself and the new sociocultural claims. Hence, Postmodernism refers to the problem of container, empty and meaningless buildings, as a problem of the Modern Movement and the International Style, rather than Postmodernism itself. The latter gives character to these flat and soulless buildings, providing them with a new character without resorting to actual architectural elements, but filling them instead with representative signs of our society.ConclusionThere is, therefore, a desire to create a city almost as a “Postmodern carnality”, as it does not seek to solve the problems of the individual who inhabits it. Its aim is not to be functional. Its willing is to create the illusion of a city, a scenario that represents a proper city. Sociologists and architects called it “city fiction”, falsifying the individual to the most extraordinary level. Time and space are presented as basic issues when developing an urban space. Thus, we might speak of urban space as temporary – corresponding to the memory and previous experiences of the individual. For the same reason, spatial models are built by memory elements. Key Words: Political Management, Critical Theories, PostStructuralism, City