تدوین چارچوب نظری معرفت‌شناسی مکان در مطالعات میان‌رشته‌ای

تخصص‌گرایی شکل‌گرفته میان رشته‌های مختلف موجب شده است پدیده مکان به‌دلیل ماهیت گسترده و پیچیده‌، با تعارضات معنایی بسیاری در بستر فلسفی ماهیت خود مواجه شود. این آشفتگی معنایی به‌دلیل نبود معنای مشترک میان رشته‌های درگیر در مفهوم‌سازی این پدیده است. در این مقاله دیدگاه‌های مختلفی درمورد مکان بررسی شد. هدف این پژوهش، یافتن روایتی منفرد و منحصر به یک رشته نیست، بلکه به‌دنبال نگاهی منسجم‌تر برای گونه‌شناسی تعاریف و تدوین مدلی برای درک میان‌رشته‌ای این پدیده است. مفهوم مکان پویاست و پیوسته در طول زمان بازتعریف می‌شود؛ بنابراین این مفهوم‌یابی بدون درنظرگرفتن بعد زمان کامل نیست. براین‌اساس مفاهیم مرتبط با چیستی مکان در گذر زمان با تکیه بر روش کیفی و تحلیل محتوا بررسی شد. در گام نخست رشته‌های مطالعاتی گوناگون، واژگان و مفاهیم آن‌ها در مطالعات مکان شناسایی شد. فلسفه و پدیدارشناسی، روان‌شناسی محیطی، جغرافیای انسانی، جامعه‌شناسی، اقتصاد شهری، مدیریت و سیاست‌گذاری، فضای سایبری، طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، هریک واژگان و تعاریف خاصی برای ساخت مکان ارائه کرده‌اند. سپس تعاریف مختلف ارائه‌شده در چهار گونه مکان به‌عنوان مجموعه‌ای از نشانه‌های بصری، مکان به‌عنوان محصول، مکان به‌عنوان فرایند و مکان به‌عنوان معنا دسته‌بندی شدند. این تقسیم‌بندی نشان‌دهنده تحول مطالعات مکان از رویکردهای مبتنی بر عینیت به مطالعات مبتنی بر حقیقت و معنای مکان است. به‌منظور دستیابی به فهمی مشترک در مطالعات معرفت‌شناسی مکان، مدلی بر مبنای مطالعات میان‌رشته‌ای تدوین شد. با توجه به ماهیت میان‌رشته‌ای طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی شهری این رشته می‌تواند حلقه واسط نظری میان رشته‌های مختلف عمل کند.

Designing a theoretical Framework for the epistemology of place in interdisciplinary studies

IntroductionSpecialization after World War II, led to limited views and weak interdisciplinary communications. Paradigms and expertise, as narrow glasses, ignored wide range of features. This specialization caused some conflicts in the meaning of place, as an extensive and complex concept which is rooted in social, cultural, political, and economic and personality context. This semantic confusion is due to lack of common conceptualization among various disciplines involved. The concept of place plays a central role in planning. To properly understand the concept of place, different views should be considered. Hence, beyond a unique narrative limited to one specific field, this research is to provide a typology of place definitions and a more coherent view in order to develop an interdisciplinary model for understanding this phenomenon. This typology would not be complete and reliable without considering the concept of time. Because place is a dynamic concept which has been historically defined and redefined.MethodologyIn this paper, based on a qualitative approach and the content analysis methodology, the ontology of place over time was studied. The method of data collection that used in this article is Library resources related to the analysis of the development process and the evolution of the concept of place and examine the interdisciplinary nature of the phenomenon. In the process of this research, the specialized vocabulary of the site and related terms in various fields were searched in the search engine of Scopus. In this research, 25 specialist fields were identified in various fields of philosophy and phenomenology, sociology, environmental psychology, urban economics, human geography, management and politics, cyber technology, environment, urban design and planning with 8031 repetitions. For more precise studies, in each discipline, 5 articles with the highest number of referrals were reviewed in more succinct terms.Results and discussion In the first step, the vocabularies, concepts and methods related to the “concept of place” have been identified in various fields and disciplines. Philosophy and phenomenology, environmental psychology, human geography, sociology, urban economics, management and policy making, cyber technology, urban design and urban planning have their own keywords and definitions for the creation of place. Researches indicate that the most useful term in place studies related to the concept of sense of place with a total of 2668 repetitions, followed by the concept of place making and its derivative compounds with a total of 1,279 repetitions. Of course, the term place making also has the greatest effect on composite concepts. In the second step, concepts and definitions were categorized to four types: place as a set of visual signs, place as a product (the dominant approach before the 1960s), place as a process (the dominant approach between 1960s1990s) and places as meaning (the dominant approach after 1990s).In place as a set of visual signs approach, urban designers and architects have developed various Ways to represent the visual attributes of place. The visual attributes of place are often used as parts of a shared language, which enable designers to differentiate the elements of urban form, for example streets, squares, and buildings. The study of place height, width, depth, proportions, edging, and subdivisions provides a common set of principles for differentiating the visual attributes of place and, in turn, creating “visual excitement”. Considering the concepts presented by scholars and the thematic characteristics of this type, urban design can be considered as the most important field of study in this category of theories.Place as product constitutes the second ontological construct of place. This approach to architecture and city planning attempts to develop