بررسی و نقد مبانی معرفتی مکتب پدیدارشناسی با تاکید بر علم جغرافیا

پدیدارشناسی یکی از مکاتب مهم فلسفی در حوزه‌های مختلف علمی به‌ویژه در علوم انسانی، جغرافیا و خاصه در جغرافیای انسانی است. این رویکرد درپی درک و شهود مستقیم و بدون واسطۀ اشیا و پدیده‌هاست و برای این منظور، به نفی فرضیه‌ها، مقولات و پیش‌فرض‌ها می‌پردازد؛ بنابراین از این منظر، پدیدارشناسی رویکردی واقع‌گرایانه و بلکه تجربی به واقعیات محسوب می‌شود و نوعی نگرش پوزیتیویستی، البته با محتوا و روشی متفاوت با پوزیتیویسم سنتی، به‌حساب می‌آید. بنابراین، برحسب ظاهر، این سنت فلسفی و علمی را باید در زمرۀ دیدگاه واقع‌گرایی قرار داد؛ لیکن به‌دلیل وجود رگه‌های بارزی از اصالت معنا، به‌ویژه تعلیق واقعیات جهان خارج و حتی حذف آن به‌مثابه موجودیتی مستقل از ذهن و تاکید کامل بر ماهیت پدیداری واقعیات و سرانجام به‌دلیل اتکا بر شیوۀ تجربۀ شهودی، به‌رغم برخی خصیصه‌های واقع‌گرایی، این رویکرد را باید در ردیف دیدگاه‌های ایدئالیستی طبقه‌بندی کرد. لیکن با وجود جنبۀ مثبت این رویکرد، یعنی تجربۀ زنده و بی‌واسطۀ اشیا و پدیده‌ها، این رویکرد دچار برخی نارسایی‌های معرفت‌شناختی است که امکان به‌کارگیری آن‌ را به‌مثابه رهیافت علمی در حوزۀ دانش جغرافیا با مشکلات جدی مواجه می‌کند و از این رو، فاقد قابلیت‌های لازم برای استفاده در حوزۀ پژوهش‌های رشته‌های علوم اجتماعی و ازجمله جغرافیا به‌مثابه رویکرد و روشی «علمی» است. هدف اصلی این مقاله که با رویکردی واقع‌گرایانه با نگرش عقلانیت انتقادی به‌نگارش درآمده، بررسی و واکاوی این مطلب از منظر تحلیل‌های منطقی و معرفت‌شناختی است.

Critical Review of Epistemological Principles of Phenomenology with an Emphasis on Geography

IntroductionPhenomenology is one of the dominant philosophical schools that gradually entered the western philosophy in the late 19th century, and then attention has been paid to different scientific domains particularly in humanities, geography and human geography. Phenomenology is the study or recognition of phenomena and the phenomena consists of everything that appears to the mind. In other words, phenomenology is direct perception and intuition, without the intermediary of objects and phenomena. The purpose of the mediator in knowing everything is the conventional philosophical and scientific hypotheses, theories, categories and templates, and particular preassumptions of the reader. Knowing anything without using conventional formats will be possible only through direct intuition of nature. Thus, this approach seeks direct intuition of objects and phenomena, and in this regard refuses the hypotheses, categories and preassumptions. Therefore, phenomenology is considered as a realistic but experimental approach toward realities. Thus, seemingly this traditional philosophy of science must be classified under the realistic viewpoint. Nevertheless, due to emphasis of the school on suspending the realities of external world, as a mindindependent character and full emphasis on phenomenological character of realities, subjective character of phenomena, and eventually due to the phenomenological tradition relying on the intuitive experience approach, against some realistic attributes, this traditional philosophy of science must be classified under the realistic viewpoint. Nevertheless, regardless of positive aspect of this approach, with immediate experience of objects and phenomena, the approach mentioned above has some basic and epistemological insufficiency which will encounter serious hardships as a scientific approach in the geography domain. Therefore, it lacks the efficiency and required capabilities in the study fields related to social science, and particularly geography, as a “scientific” approach and methodology. The main objective of this study is to analyze this issue from the viewpoint of logical and epistemological analyses.MethodologyThe present study with philosophy and logical nature is among the fundamental and theoretical research. This study is based on descriptive and analytical method (logical) and its analysis is conducted based on logical reasoning and arguments. Therefore, discussions and matters are considered in the series of documentaries. Results and discussionAcross the last few decades, the philosophy of phenomenology has been one of the main and dominant schools in the field of western thought. It gradually developed from the second half of the 20th century, has contributed to the formation of intellectual foundations of western scholars and has influenced many fields particularly humanities domain, especially geography. In human geography, across the last decades, we see an evolving tendency among geographers in the field of urban studies, urban design and planning, rural planning, social geography, economic geography, political geography, cultural geography, and some other subcategories. They are directed towards a kind of human geography that has been influenced by by philosophy and methodology of phenomenology, or its derivatives, such as existentialism and interpretive and hermeneutic methods. The question is to see what methodology and principles the inspired geography is based on and what is its ultimate goal?  Phenomenological geography refers to geographic studies in which geographic phenomena and subjects are studied by researchers without any intermediaries, regardless of formal and abstract templates, and without reliance on preassumptions, theories and customary prejudice in scientific studies and merely as a phenomenology. Thus, in this regard, phenomenological geography has