تحلیل عوامل موثر بر متنوع‌سازی فعالیت‌های اقتصادی از دیدگاه روستاییان (مطالعه موردی: روستاهای شهرستان سقز)

امروزه تخلیه و متروک‌شدن بسیاری از روستاهای کشور به‌دلیل ضعف و ناکارایی اقتصاد آن‌هاست. متنوع‌سازی فعالیت‌های اقتصادی در مناطق روستایی راهبردی است که خانوارهای روستایی به‌کمک آن منابع درآمدی خود را افزایش می‌دهند و می‌توانند واکنش و مدیریت مناسبی در مقابله با شوک‌ها داشته باشند. هدف پژوهش توصیفیتحلیلی حاضر، بررسی مهم‌ترین عوامل تاثیرگذار در متنوع‌سازی فعالیت‌های اقتصادی از دیدگاه روستاییان است. جامعه آماری، روستاهای شهرستان سقز در استان کردستان با جمعیت 58092 نفر در قالب 14523 خانوار است. در گام نخست، برای مشخص‌کردن روستاهای مورد مطالعه ابتدا روستاها به 5 گروه جمعیتی تقسیم شدند و سپس براساس فراوانی روستاها در هر طبقه جمعیتی، تعداد روستاهای هر طبقه مشخص شد که درمجموع 28 روستا به‌عنوان روستاهای نمونه انتخاب شدند. به‌منظور تکمیل پرسشنامه‌ها براساس فرمول کوکران، 308 نفر از سرپرستان خانوارها به‌عنوان جامعه نمونه درنظر گرفته شدند. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات حاصل از عملیات میدانی، از دو روش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از یافته‌های توصیفی و آزمون‌های لامدا، وی‌کرامر، گودمن و کروسکال نشان می‌دهد ارتباط معناداری میان تعداد فعالیت‌ها و میزان تحصیلات، تغییرات درآمدی حاصل شوک‌ها و میزان درآمد وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج آزمون فریدمن نشان می‌دهد از دید جامعه نمونه عوامل حمایت دولت، منابع مالی و پس‌انداز خانوار و تسهیلات زیرساختی برای متنوع‌سازی فعالیت‌های اقتصادی بیشترین اهمیت را دارند.

Explaining the Factors Affecting the Differentiation of Economic Activities from the Point of View of the Villagers (Case Study of Villages in Saqez City)

Extended Abstract IntroductionWhat is clear is that the sustainability of each village depends on the dynamism and durability of its economy, and therefore the cause of the evacuation and desertification of many villages in the country is the weakness and inefficiency of their economy. The stability of a settlement reflects the equilibrium and dynamism of rural settlements in relation to naturalecological, sociocultural, economic and spatialphysical structures. So that it ensures the stability of a settlement during spatial trends time. In this regard, special attention is paid to paying attention to the village and rural development, and adopting monetary and credit policies for the governments of the Third World Societies, which play the role of facilitating and directing development, Investing and injecting financial resources can play a very important role in fostering rural livelihoods and achieving sustainable rural development. MethodologyThe general approach of this research is quantitative research and in terms of collecting data based on librariandocumentary data and field survey. Field scrolling method. Firstly, for identifying indices and indicators of diversification of economic activities with special emphasis on rural areas, studies related to the field were used. Based on this, components and items of sustainable livelihoods were identified and the basis for designing a questionnaire as the main tool of research in field studies was placed. To increase the validity of the method, the content and formality of the method were used. In this regard, the validity of the research tool was confirmed by a number of experts in the field, then the Cronbach’s alpha technique was used for the research tool’s sensitivity and 0.905 was obtained, which indicates the appropriate reliability Research tool. To identify the villages studied, the villages first divided into 5 groups of 2050 households, 1051 households, 150101 households, 152150 households, 25095 households and 525500 households. After identifying sample villages, based on the Cochran formula, 300 families were selected and the sample size of the household was determined in proportion to the population of the village. Results and discussionTo investigate the relationship between educational variables and number of activities, as well as income and activity variables, Lameda, v Kramer, Goodman and Kruskal tests were used. The results of these tests show that since sig is less than 0.05, then there is a significant relationship between education and the number of activities. As the level of education increases, the number of household activities also increases. Field analysis showed that 123 out of 136 uneducated families with primary education, 123 had one activity and only 12 had two activities. Also, the results of Lameda, V Kramer, Goodman and Kruskal tests show that there is a significant relationship between the number of activities and income increase in the studied villages, which means that households with more economic diversity have higher income. Of the total households surveyed, 204 people have an annual income of 5 million or fewer. All these households have one type of economic activity. The research findings also show that among the 71 households with income levels between 5 and 10 million, 45 have dual activity and 6 have 3 types of economic activities. One of the weaknesses of rural households is that they do not have diverse economic activities and only rely on agricultural activities. The vulnerability of their income and livelihood to shocks (human and natural). For this purpose, Lameda, V Kramer, Goodman and Kruskal tests were used to investigate the relationship between livelihood vulnerability of rural households against shocks and number of activities. The results of these tests show that in the studied villages there is a significant relationship between the number of activities and their livelihood vulnerability to shocks, so that the households, which in addition to the agricultural activities Other side activities are less livelihood vulnerability than households that only have one activity. And there are a number of economic activities in which there is an increase in income, which means that households with more economic diversity have more income. Of the total studied households (68.18%) who had only one kind of activity, their income and livelihoods were affected by (such as drought, floods and pests) climate shocks. Friedman test (rank average) was used to prioritize the key factors affecting the diversification of economic activities from the viewpoint of villagers. The statistical results of the test show that there is a significant difference between the factors at the alpha level of 0.05. The average results of the Friedman test also indicate that the government’s support for diversifying activities is ranked first. ConclusionThe diversification of economic activities in rural environments can be seen as a consistent and dynamic process in response to threats and opportunities through which farmers can manage risk and can also increase their income and livelihoods, maintain their livelihoods and ultimately improve their living standards. Descriptive findings show that from the perspective of the sample society, the government’s financial support by providing appropriate facilities to farmers, the availability of savings and financial resources for farmers, the purchase of guaranteed crops, horticultural and livestock, government support for entrepreneurship development and intermediary removals When selling products, raising the level of knowledge and knowledge of the people from the affiliated businesses can have the greatest impact on the diversification of economic activities. In confirmation of the descriptive findings, Friedman’s test also shows that from the point of view of society, which is the factor of government support for diversification of activities, the second factor that influences the diversification of economic activities from the perspective of the sample population is the financial resources and household savings. In addition, the infrastructure facility for the diversification of economic activities from the perspective of the sample community is in the third place. Physical assets, institutional factors and climatic factors are also ranked next.