نقش سیاست‌های تعدیل ساختاری در دگردیسی اقتصاد روستایی ناحیه رضوانشهر

توسعه به‌ویژه توسعه اقتصادی یکی از اهداف مهم کشورهای درحال‌توسعه است. براین‌اساس، اجرای سیاست‌های تعدیل ساختاری نیز از مهم‌ترین اقدامات به‌شمار می‌آید. در کشور ایران از سال 1389 به بعد، قانون هدفمندی یارانه‌ها به‌عنوان یکی از سیاست‌های تعدیل ساختاری اجرا شد. دامنه گسترده پیامدهای اجرای این قانون، پرسش‌های متعددی را مطرح کرد. از جمله اینکه بازتاب و نتیجه قانون هدفمندی یارانه‌ها در اقتصاد روستایی چه بوده است؟ بنابراین در پژوهش کیفی حاضر، بررسی زمینه‌ای بازتاب‌های پرداخت یارانه در سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شهرستان رضوان‌شهر پرداخته شد و تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها به‌کمک تئوری زمینه‌ای صورت گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد در حوزه اقتصاد روستایی، اجرای هدفمندی یارانه با پیامدهایی مانند «تعدد ردیف‌های هزینه‌کرد خانوار و افزایش حجم پرداخت‌های از پیش برقرار در اقتصاد روستا»، «تقویت بنیه درآمدی خانوار روستایی»، «برپایی و تشدید شکاف میان تولیدگران و خانوارهای روستایی»، «دگرش الگوی کسب و مصرف ثروت در اقتصاد روستا»، «ایجاد تکانه در جریان سرمایه میان اقتصاد روستا و شهر» و «تشدید روند فرامحلی‌شدن و سیاسی‌شدن اقتصاد روستایی» همراه بوده که درنهایت به سه مقوله کلان «تغییر هزینه و درآمد روستاییان»، «دگرگونی نظام تولید و مصرف ثروت در اقتصاد روستایی» و «رشد ریسک‌پذیری در اقتصاد روستایی» منجر شده است.

The Role of Structural Adjustment Policies and Metamorphosis of Rural Economy in rezvanshahr area

Introduction The rural settlements of Rezvanshahr area face a shortage of capital, lack of suitable economic infrastructure which resulted in the improper use of productive and active rural labor force in the three economic sectors: the emergence of hidden and seasonal unemployment and consequently the reduction of economic power and standard of living of rural residents in city under study. Mere dependence on agriculture, the basic requirement for revenue from the sale of products in this sector and the lack of rural industrial activities, such as agricultural conversion industries has led to the lowest valueadded of agriculture products for the villagers. So severe economic vulnerability, rural income instability and employment constraints and the lack of job opportunities are the important structural features of rural economy in Rezvanshahr area which has been aggravated by the lack of government attention to the villages and agricultural sectors. Therefore, what is the impact of subsidies, as one of the structural adjustment policies on rural economy in area under study? As the most vulnerable sectors of society are villagers and rural populations, granting subsidies is justifiable to them due to their economic and social problems. The important reasons are low income in the rural areas of city under study than the urban areas and even the productivity of the agricultural sector is lower than the industrial sector. It is obvious that the study of the impacts and the consequences of implementing this project, especially in the rural households that are most affected by their economic conditions, can help decisionmakers and policymakers. Accordingly, the present study attempts to investigate the reflection of subsidy payments in rural settlements in Rezvanshahr area.MethodologyThe methodological framework for this project is qualitative research and focuse on ’grounded theory approach. To examine the reflection of targeted subsidy plan, collaborative observations and semistructured interviews based on exploratory approach was used. Statistical population consisted of villagers and local natives (including council members, governers of rural districts and other villagers). Villages were classified into three categories in terms of reciving subsidy. Out of a total of each category, 20% of the villages were selected as samples. Snowball sampling used in the villages under study. The number of sample size was 53 based on theoretical saturation. According to grounded theory, data from interviews were analyzed in three steps: open, axial and selective coding. Research validity obtained through members control and selfmonitoring.Results and DiscussionInvestigating the views of local community showed that in the villages of Rezvanshahr area, as in other regions of Iran, the liberalization of energy carrier price both in nonmanufacturing and manufacturing sector has led to increase in costs such as moving different goods and rural travels. Income growth in rural household from receiving subsidy improved the savings for some households with previous financial ability on the one hand and on the other hand, some rurals who had no financial ability, said receiving subsidy in some extent has influenced the level of trust among villagers, and especially their urban relatives for lending and borrowing money to each other. Beacause urban relatives hope that if agricultural revenues in a year does not suffice, subsidy is constant payment for villagers to return their borrowings. According to the villagers in the Rezvanshahr area, after targeting subsiy plan, the owners with more agronomic background, have gain more advantages from production subsidies in form of receiving fertilizers and poisons. Accordingly, it can be said that economic inequality has been fueled by subsidies in the villages. In the rural area of Rezvanshahr, as the dominant pattern of most rural areas in Iran, households can be divided into two economic situations in relation to subsidies. Also, based on a sixyear experience from targeted subsidies plan and its cash payment, the villagers day by day become dependent on the determined "supplementary income" (subsidies). As cash subsidy payments, on the one hand depends on the ruling government and on the other hand, is a function of the country’s oil revenues, rural income system has always been exposed to political and economic (mainly psychological) shocks especially during the elections.ConclusionTargeted subsidy as one of the implemented structural adjustment policies in Iran has caused reflections in the rural economy of Rezvanshahr area. Based on selective coding it can be said that three core categories titled as "Change in the cost and income of villagers, “Changing the system of production and consumption of wealth in the rural economy, and “Risktaking growth in rural economy "was the result of implementing this policy. Given that the duration of payment and spending subsidies is short (up to 5 days) per month, it creates a significant momentum in the flow of capital between rural and urban economy and then a depression appears in the market and trading sector. This situation is a reflection of growing dependence of the economic cycle (on the trading side) on subsidy payments in rural areas. The system and the source of subsidies, along with more and more dependence of villagers to subsidies has led to a drastic increase in the process of globalization and politicization of rural economy. Finally, it can be said that despite the fact that rehabilitation has not occured in the rural economy in relation to its constituent elements (villagers) and the compensation for losses of stagnation does not happen very quickly, nevertheless, targeted subsidies and its current support pattern (cash payments only to households) does not result in strengthening the foundations of this economy.Finally, it can be said that despite the fact that rehabilitation has not occured in the rural economy in relation to its constituent elements (villagers) and the compensation for losses of stagnation does not happen very quickly, nevertheless, targeted subsidies and its current support pattern (cash payments only to households) does not result in strengthening the foundations of this economy.