تحلیل مکان‌گزینی استقرار انسانی در شرایط بحرانی (مطالعۀ موردی: شهر ارومیه)

وقوع بلایای طبیعی مانند زلزله همواره در قرون متمادی زندگی جوامع انسانی را تهدید کرده است و سبب بی‌خانمانی و آوارگی ناگهانی بسیاری از انسان‌ها شده است. سازمان‌های مسئول در زمینه مدیریت بحران در مراحل اولیه مواجهه با چنین شرایطی، به مکان‌یابی بهینه به‌منظور اسکان موقت و ساماندهی آسیب‌دیدگان و بازماندگان حادثه در کنار رسیدگی به امور آن‌ها توجه دارند. البته به‌دلیل وضعیت اضطراری حادثه، بیشتر مکان‌یابی‌ها و اسکان آسیب‌دیدگان پشتوانه علمی لازم را ندارد و به‌این‌ترتیب هزینه هنگفتی را به مدیریت شهری تحمیل می‌کند. با توجه به قرارگیری کشور روی کمربند زلزله، پژوهش حاضر شهر ارومیه را به‌واسطه ویژگی‌های طبیعی و خطر لرزه‌خیزی متوسط توام با شرایط خاص شهرسازی، به‌عنوان الگوی تهیه پایگاه داده مکانی با هدف مکان‌یابی اسکان موقت پس از زلزله بررسی کرده است. روش این تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی است و پژوهش با استفاده از مدل فرایند تحلیل شبکه‌ای (anp) و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (gis) با ماهیت کاربردی صورت گرفته است. بدین‌منظور، معیارها و عوامل موثر در مکان‌یابی اسکان موقت شامل ویژگی‌های طبیعی، شبکه ارتباطی، کاربری‌های سازگار و ناسازگار به چندین زیرمعیار تقسیم شد. با توجه به وابستگی متقابل معیارها براساس یافته‌های تحقیق، آن‌ها پس از وزن‌دهی با استفاده از مدل فرایند تحلیل شبکه‌ای، در محیط gis تلفیق‌ شدند و ضمن تطبیق با استانداردهای بین‌المللی برای یک‌سوم جمعیت شهری، مکان‌های اسکان موقت شهر ارومیه با اولویت‌بندی سه‌گانه براساس ظرفیت‌ها و پتانسیل‌های بالفعل و بالقوه مدیریت شهری انتخاب شد.

Site selection analysis for human settlement in critical condition (Case study: Urmia city)

Introduction The main objective of this research is to perform a site selection and planning with respect to environmental and spatial characteristics. This is to gain the primary social and physical needs of survivors of the accident (the earthquake) and promoting the health condition of crisis. This is for multipurpose use of these places even in ordinary or emergency situations. In this regard, this study with the respect locating different areas of Iran on the earthquake belt, has investigated the city of Urmia as the model of spatial database for contemporary site selection for safety purposes after earthquake. Some influencing factors on the vulnerability of city are various parameters such as: building age (16.7% of the city context is old, including 300 hectares historical fabrics), quality of buildings (about 56% of the buildings of Urmia are damaged, repairable and maintainable), Urban transportation routes, amount of traffic, population and building density, land use of different areas, type and material of different geological layers, etc. These have much effect on crisis management, especially during and after the earthquake. The old fabrics of Urmia, includng one and twostorey buildings with low and compact infrastructure, do not have technical standards against earthquakes. According to the importance of the issue, this paper tries to select optimal temporary sites for health purposes after the occurrence of earthquake in Urmia. This is by natural physical information and the use of new techniques and methods of Network Analysis Process (ANP) and geographic information system (GIS). MethodologyThis research has descriptive analytic methodology with the functional methods and data collection is the library and documentary. We used the Super Decision software for calculations of the analysis network process model using the ArcGIS software for spatial modeling and region zoning.Results and DiscussionTherefore, in order to express the theoretical basics and analysis network process (ANP), we have investigated the effective measures of site selection for the temporary settlement. For this, we have used some criteria including the natural characteristics, compatible land use, incompatible land use, and communication network, which each criterion includes several subcriteria. In the next step, the classification of subcriteria has been reviewed according to the world standards, rules of the approved urban project and the authors analysis of city properties. Then, the information layers of sub criteria of each criterion are individually integrated in the GIS environment. Based on the importance coefficient, it is achieved by the analysis network process and again all maps of the 4 main criteria will overlap based on the significance of each factor in a GIS environment. Finally, the suitable location of the temporary settlement has been determined on the basis of global standards and urban management capacity. ConclusionThis location is selected through the prioritization based on capacity and de facto and possible potential of urban management according to the type of landuse, ownership and utilization of equipment. Therefore, the first priority have been 16 places in the entire area and mainly including states, private landuse and natural resources that allocated total 405 hectares. These places generally have been the kind of green space, farms and gardens inside green space for the city located near the urban facilities. Therefore, urban management of Urmia can tackle these three priorities and places with regard to span of the city, crowds, old texture, and lack of access hierarchy for multipurpose. This city can also take advantage and use of them in crisis situationsby the earthquake for the establishment.