زبان و فرهنگ عامیانه در اشعار حمید مصدق

شعر فارسی در سیر تاریخی خویش از عوامل بسیاری تاثیر پذیرفت که از جمله آنها عناصر زبان عامیانه است، البته تاثیر این عناصر در همه ادوار ادب فارسی به یک اندازه نیست. زبان عامیانه به عنوان گونه ای زبان زیرِمعیار دربردارنده عناصر گوناگونی است که به مقدار قابل توجهی در شعر شاعران معاصر نمود یافته است. حمید مصدق از جمله شاعران نوگرای معاصر، به پیروی از نیما، به مقدار قابل­توجهی، از عناصر زبان عامیانه در اشعارش بهره برده است. کاربرد اشکال مختلف عناصر زبان عامیانه در شعر مصدق گذشته از آنکه موجب تشخص زبان شعر وی شده، روانی و سادگی کلام او را نیز به همراه داشته است. زبان و فرهنگ عامیانه به کاررفته در دفاتر شش گانه مصدق را می توان در هفت گروه تقسیم کرد: 1 واژگان عامیانه، 2 واژگان رایج و محاوره ای 3 کنایه و مثل 4 تلفظ های عامیانه 5 تلمیح به قصه های عامیانه 6 باورها و رسوم عامیانه 7 واژگان محلی. بسامد موارد مذکور در دفاتر مصدق یکسان نیست. این عناصر در دو دفتر «درفش کاویان» و «آبی خاکستری سیاه» بسیار اندک است، فضای حماسی حاکم بر این دو دفتر را می توان از جمله عوامل کاهش این عناصر دانست؛ از سویی دیگر تغزل و عشقی صمیمی، ملموس و زمینی محتوای اغلب اشعار مصدق در چهار دفتر «سالهای صبوری»، «شیر سرخ»، «در رهگذار باد» و «از جدایی ها» را تشکیل می دهد و این امر به کاربرد زبانی آشنا همراه با بهره بردن از عناصر زبان عامیانه انجامیده است.

Language and folklore in Hamid Mosaddeq’s poem

Abstractquot Standard languagequot , quot substandard languagequot and quot metastandard languagequot are the language types of many varieties. Use of sub standard language in making poetry, known as “stylistic deviation”, is one of the ways of highlighting poetic language. More attention to this technique of language in the contemporary period was paid by Nima. Nima believed that all words have the potentiality to enter the realm of poetry. No word is essentially poetic or nonpoetic, but the way of using words by the poet determines its poetic value.Hamid Mossadegh by the use of substandard language elements, in addition to increasing the richness of his poems, made them closer to the mind, language and life of people. Folkloric elements of Mosaddeq’s poems were divided into seven groups: 1) Slang words, 2) common and spoken vocabulary 3) Irony and Proverbs 4) Tlfzhay popular 5) allusion to folk tales 6) folk beliefs and customs 7) local vocabulary.Slang words in poems Mosaddeq in the quot verbquot and quot nounquot have been examined. Many folk verbs such as quot Shangidanquot and quot gap zadan (to chat)quot in Mosaddeq’s poems have been applied. Some of folk verbs in his poems are in such a way that at first, one could not understand the point. These verbs have several meanings that one or more specific meanings are slang, like verb quot gereftan (to get)quot that means quot to grow the root of the plantquot has slang sense.There is an abundance application of folk nouns in Mosaddeq’s poem. Some of the nouns used in Mosaddeq’s poem, considering their figurative meanings, can be investigated in the folk nouns group, like quot footquot in the figurative sense of quot willquot .quot Colloquial and current words are of the most frequent elements of folk words in the poetry of Mosaddeq. These words in the category of quot nounsquot and quot verbsquot could be analyzed. Lexical verbs such as quot to hipquot and quot Perfume of Moskowquot are of this kind. quot Irony and Proverbsquot are the other folk elements of the poetry of Mosaddeq. quot till eye can seequot and quot to dreamquot are of this category.Folk pronunciations of words also have been represented in the Mosaddeq’s poems. These folk pronunciations occurred by alteration, combination or coincident deletions, complying with law of least effort in spoken language.quot Allusions to folk tales and beliefsquot are of other folk elements in the poetry of Mosaddeq. quot Demonquot , quot Fairies’ king tale quot , quot The Deathquot , quot Patient stonequot are among these cases.quot Local wordsquot certified in the poetry of Mosaddeq are very limited and only for the completion of the research results were analyzed. Folk elements in Hamid Mosaddeq’s six poetry books – quot Kavian’s awlquot , quot Blue, gray, blackquot , quot In the path of the Windquot , quot The separationsquot , quot Years of patiencequot , quot Red Lionquot – have not been similarly represented. In two books, quot Kavian’s awlquot , and quot Blue, gray, blackquot , the tone of the words is relatively heroic, hence the elements of language mostly have been taken from ancient literature, and this is the reason why the elements of folk language in these two books are not considerable.In the content of four books – quot In the path of the Windquot , quot The separationsquot , quot Years of patiencequot , quot Red Lionquot – love is the main subject. The love is neither a mystical one to need mystical terms, nor romantic love of an intellectual lover not fitting the perception of others. His love is worldly, tangible and intimate. Thus it demands a familiar, fluent and understandable language. The frequency and quantity of use of the elements of folk poetry were set on the basis of one third of his poems. Mosaddeq has used folk elements escaping the norms, in his poetry as an art form.  Sometimes these elements in his poems are used as an instrument to maintain meter and rhyme, and sometimes for increasing music resulted by repetition of a phoneme. Also Mosaddeq has used them as a tool for creating literary figures, such as contrast, proportion, ambiguity. In other words, Mosaddeq has applied these elements in order to spread the words of poem, simplifying and popularizing the language of poems, enriching the poetry in the areas such as music and rhetoric, so he has expressed his ideas by an artistic and intimate language.