گشت نُمادها در پهنۀ اسطوره‌ها (جُستاری در انگاره‌های نمادین اسطورة ملک‌جمشید و دیو سیب‌دزد)

نماد در مفهوم عام، نشانه یا تصویری است که برای ایجاد ارتباط و انتقال پیام به‌شکل‌های گوناگون و در مفهوم خاص، همانند یک تصویر خیالی، مثل استعارۀ مصرّحه، بر بستر عنصر ادبی تشبیه استوار است. نماد در همة انواع ادبی و ازجمله در ادبیّات عامّه و به‌تبع آن در اسطوره‌ها، البته به فراخور و تناسب، نقش ایفا می‌کند. اسطوره‌ها نیز مانند دیگر مظاهر ادبیات عامّه، بخش عمده‌ای از میراث ادبی و فرهنگی بشر را می‌سازند؛ به‌عبارتی مَظهر هنجارهای فرهنگی، آموزه‌های اخلاقی، گرایش‌های روان‌شناختی، حوادث و فراتاریخ اقوام‌اند و از دیرباز همزاد و همراه زندگی اقوام و ملّت‌ها و بخش گسترده‌ای از حافظۀ مردم بوده‌اند. یکی از این نمونه‌ها در ادبیات فارسی، اسطورة «ملک‌جمشید و دیو سیب دزد» از مجموعۀ مشدی گلین خانم است. هدف از نگارش این مقاله، معرفی بیشتر این اسطوره، با رویکردی به شناخت نمادینه‌ها، وابستگی و درهم‌تنیدگی اسطوره‌ها، نمادها و کهن‌الگوها، انواع نمادهای موجود در آن و از همه مهم‌تر نشان‌دادن کارکردها و ظرفیت‌های عنصر ادبی نماد در اسطورة مدّنظر است. این پژوهش به‌شیوة اسنادی توصیفی و تااندازه‌ای تحلیل محتوا انجام می‌گیرد و سرانجام به این نتیجه می‌رسد که اسطورة «ملک‌جمشید و دیو سیب دزد» ظرفیت‌های گسترده‌ای ازمنظر نقد و تحلیل نمادشناسی و انواع انگاره‌های نمادین دارد. مطالعه، بررسی و رمزگشایی نمادهای این اسطوره، به درک مفهوم و شناخت پیام آن کمک می‌کند؛ نیز لذت خوانش آن را می‌افزاید و سرانجام خوانش را با موضوع مهم رشد هوشی روانی و شخصیت مخاطب، متناسب می‌کند.

the distribution of symbols in the range of myths (a search in the symbolic images of the myth of malek jamshid and the apple thief demon)

in a general sense, a symbol is a sign or an image to create a relationship and convey a message in various ways. in a particular sense, as an image, often like an explicit metaphor, it is based on the literary element of simile. the symbol plays a role in all types of literature, including popular literature and, accordingly, in myths. myths like other manifestations of popular literature, form a major part of human literary and cultural norms. in other words, they are the epitome of cultural norms, moral teachings, psychological tendencies, events, and meta-history of peoples. they have been part of the life of peoples’ memories and nations for a long time. one of the examples of myths in persian literature is the myth of ‘malek jamshid and the apple thief demon’ from the collection of mashdi galin khanum. the purpose of this study is to further introduce this myth, with an approach to understanding the symbolism, the dependence and intertwining of myths, symbols and archetypes, the types of symbols in it, and most importantly, to show the functions and capacities of the literary element of the symbol in the myth. this research is done in a documentary-descriptive way using content analysis. the study concludes that the myth of ‘malek jamshid and the apple thief demon’ in addition to all the beauties, has wide capacities from the point of view of criticism and analysis of symbolism and all kinds of symbolic images. studying and deciphering the symbols of this myth helps in understanding the concept and its message. it also increases the pleasure of reading it and finally adapts the reading to the important topic of intellectual-psychological development and personality of the audience. keywords: myth and mythology, fictional images, symbolic ideas, popular literature, malek jamshid and apple thief demon.introductionthe mystery of creation and the connection of life with nature and its elements has always been with man and has always involved his mind and thoughts. on the other hand, the critical human mind has always sought to know and achieve supernatural existence and absolute creation. myths, like tales, songs, and lullabies, make up a major part of human literary and cultural heritage. myths are part of human life, and side by side with stories, they are among the first and most valuable creations of the creative mind of man and human fluid language, which have deep, important, and influential teachings. in other words, myths are a prominent factor in discovering the mystery of the life and death of the first human. scholars and mythologists such as claude lévi-strauss and mircea eliade in comparative studies, morphology and narrative studies have dealt with this topic. at the same time, myths have different manifestations and applications in ceremonies and rituals. the most important feature of myths and stories is that their origin is often the manifestation of the unconscious mind of human beings, which has found a different appearance in passing from generation to generation. in this regard, this study investigates the symbolic images of the myth of malek jamshid and the apple thief demon. materials and methodsthe research method in this study is descriptive-documentary, which was done by collecting library information and then completed with discussion and content analysis. research findingsthe most important findings of this research are categorized as follows:1) myths and stories form a major part of human literary and cultural heritage, and in other words, they are the manifestation of cultural norms, moral teachings, psychological tendencies, events, and the meta-history of nations.2) the symbol has been proposed as an aesthetic literary element under the category of metaphor and simile.3) considering this story, there are other examples in the popular literature of iran and the world, which can be studied in the field of comparative literature and text research.4) the reading of such works with a symbology approach shows new manifestations of the use of all kinds of symbols. discussion of results and conclusionsdespite all the efforts of researchers of rhetorical techniques and fields of aesthetics and literary criticism, it seems that a correct and systematic definition of the imaginary element of symbol has not yet been provided, and the use of widely used metaphors and dead and stereotyped words does not give a positive answer everywhere. any word, image, or element and component that represents and implies another meaning and concept is considered equivalent to this literary element that can be investigated in the topic of connotations, especially situational and verbal connotations.criticism and review of myths and stories, especially the myth of malek jamshid and the apple thief demon, with new approaches, is very attractive. a more important and concrete result is that the reading of this work with the approach of symbology and new manifestations of the use of all kinds of symbols (general, special, conventional and conventional symbols) shows the connection and entanglement of symbolic and archetypes with the realm of myths. it brings the audience’s mind and language closer to the nature and natural elements of the stories. it also helps to interpret and receive the message, and thus shows the capacities of this type of literature in terms of symbology and its components.