معانی ثانویۀ امر در اشعار اقبال لاهوری

علامه اقبال لاهوری، شاعر اندیشمند مسلمان، شاعری را همسنگ و هم‌پایۀ پیامبری می‌داند؛ او شاعر را پیشوا و راهنما و شعر را وسیله‌ای برای بیان حقیقت، هدایت انسان‌ها و ترغیب آنها به بیداری و حرکت به شمار می‌آورد. به‌سبب تاکید اقبال بر وجه ارشادی و ترغیبی کلام، در عین توجه به فصاحت و بلاغت الفاظ و معانی شعر و از آنجا که آشکارترین نمود نقش ترغیبی زبان در وجه امری کلام است، در این پژوهش به چگونگی کارکرد معانی ثانویۀ امر در شعر اقبال توجه شد. روش کار، شناسایی معانی ثانویۀ امر در شعر شاعر، دسته‌بندی بسامدی و تحلیل شواهد بر مبنای ارتباط دوسویۀ گوینده و مخاطب است. اهمیت پژوهش در توجه به کارکرد زبان و شیوه‌های ابلاغ پیام در شعر اقبال لاهوری، با توجه به مناسبات دوسویۀ شاعر و مخاطبان اوست. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد از مجموع هفتصد و هفتاد کاربرد امر در معانی ثانویه، در پنجاه درصد شواهد، امر در معنی تحذیر و تنبّه و ارشاد مخاطب آمده و شاعر ازنظر دانش و آگاهی در جایگاه برتری نسبت‌به مخاطب قرار گرفته است. در سی و پنج درصد شواهد، شاعر با مخاطب هم‌پایۀ خود سخن می‌گوید و بیشترین معنای ثانویۀ جملات امر در این ارتباطِ برابر، ترغیب مخاطب است. جایگاه فرودست شاعر در مقابل مخاطب، فقط آنجا دیده می‌شود که روی سخن شاعر با خداوند یا مخاطب غایب و مجازی است و امر در معنای دعا یا تمنّا به کار رفته است.

secondary senses of imperative sentences in iqbal lahori’s poems

iqbal lahori, a muslim thinker, believed that poets, like prophets, are leaders and guides of human beings. poetry, in his belief, is the means of expressing the truth and inviting people to fight for the truth. iqbal has paid attention to the instructive and persuasive aspect of speech, as well as the eloquence and rhetoric of words and meanings of poetry. imperative sentences show the most important aspect of the conative function of language. for these reasons, the function of secondary senses of imperative sentences in iqbal poetry was studied and analyzed in this study. the research method was based on the identification and classification of secondary senses of imperative sentences in iqbal’s poetry besides analyzing the evidence based on the two-way relationship between the speaker and the audience. this was an important research because it could explain the function of language and message transmission methods according to the interaction between the poet and his audience. the results of this study showed that in iqbal’s poems, 770 sentences had been used with secondary meanings, while the imperative sentences had the meaning of guidance in 50% of them and he was thus in a superior position to the audience in terms of knowledge and awareness. in 35% of the evidence, he spoke to the audience with an equal verbal communication so as to persuade them. he showed a lower position in front of the audience only when he spoke to god and absent or imaginary audience.introductioniqbal lahori (1877-1938) was a muslim philosopher, politician, poet, thinker, and one of the leaders, who revived religious thoughts and strived for the unity and progress of muslims in the world. he was an knowledgeable thinker. he studied in european universities. he was fluent in persian, arabic, urdu, sanskrit, and english languages. he also knew the views of philosophers, such as hegel, schopenhauer, nietzsche, etc. and criticized some of them. he believed that a poet’s duties are finding out the secrets of existence and revealing them to humanity. therefore, according to him, the purpose of a poem is changing people’s thoughts and inviting everyone to make an effort for revolution. that’s why &his poems are lively, powerful, and exciting in terms of theme and music of combined words.& (yusefi, 1990: 407)iqbal knew urdu, persian, arabic, sanskrit, and english languages, but chose persian language to express his passionate thoughts. he wrote poetry in all forms and styles of persian poetry; yet, his poetry is not an imitation of the poems of other poets. and &although he did not intend to be a poet, he was the greatest thinker and poet of his time due to the eloquence of his words, rhetoric of his meanings, and popular nature of his poetry.& (schimmel, 2004: 222) his poetry is worthy of attention because he paid attention to the instructive and persuasive aspects of speech while paying attention to the eloquence of the words and meanings of his poems. imperative sentences show the persuasive role of language in the best way.