تحلیل سبک‌شناختی «تمهیدات» عین‌القضات همدانی؛ با رویکرد پاول سیمپسون

گسترش دانش «زبان‌شناسی» پژوهش‌های «سبک‌شناسی» را سمت‌وسویی تازه بخشیده است؛ به‌گونه‌ای که امروزه مطالعۀ سبک آثار ادبی برمبنای زبان‌شناسی گسترش فراوان یافته است. پاول سیمپسون، سبک‌شناس معاصر، از نظریه‌پردازانی است که الگوی سبک‌شناسی خود را بر پایۀ زبان‌شناسی مطرح و در این زمینه راهکارهای عملی و روشمندی مطرح کرده است. یکی از مباحثی که سیمپسون به‌گونه‌ای دقیق و روشمند آن را بررسی کرده، «نظام گذرایی» است. الگوی سبک‌شناسانۀ «نظام گذرایی» سیمپسون در چارچوب نظام گذرایی در دستور نقش‌گرای هلیدی بنا شده است. نظام گذرایی ابزارهای دستوری خاصی هستند که برای تجسّم تجربه در زبان به کار می‌روند و شامل سه عنصر فرایند (عبارت‌های فعلی)، مشارکین (عبارت‌های اسمی) و عناصر پیرامونی فرایند (گروه قیدی و حرف‌اضافه‌ای) می‌شود. بنابراین، در تحلیل سبکی متون با الگوی تحلیل نظام گذرایی، به عناصر زبانی فوق تاکید می‌شود. از سویی دیگر، پژوهش‌های حوزۀ ادبیات عرفانی، بیشتر در خصوص ساختارهای درونی نظیر محتوای مفهومی و همچنین حوزه‌های فکری نویسندگان انجام شده‌ و کمتر به ساختار بیرونی و سطوح زبانی این آثار پرداخته شده است؛ درحالی‌که ارزیابی آن‌ها با معیارهای نوین در شناخت هرچه بیشتر این میراث گران‌بها بسیار موثر خواهد بود. در این مقاله تمهیدات عین‌القضات همدانی با استفاده از رویکرد تحلیل «نظام گذرایی» در الگوی سیمپسون ارزیابی شده است. نتایج تحلیل نشان می‌دهد عین‌القضات براساس روحیات و متناسب با اهداف خویش، به نحو گزینش‌گرانه‌ای دست به انتخاب زده است و ضمن استفاده از «نقش اندیشگانی» زبان، در انتقال محتوای تعلیمی و اعتقادی خویش در قالب گزاره‌های خبری، امری و پرسشی، از نقش بینافردی بیشتر از سایر انواع استفاده کرده است. همچنین با روش‌های نوآورانه در فرایندهای کلامی و ذهنی ویژگی‌هایی ایجاد کرده و با این شیوه‌ها به اثر خویش تشخّص‌های سبکی گاه منحصربه‌فرد بخشیده است.

A Stylistic Analysis of the Tamhidat by Ein Al-Qozat Hamedani:Paul Simpson Approach

Today, the stylistic study of literary works based on linguistics has expanded. Paul Simpson is one of the contemporary theorists who has provided practical and methodological strategies in the field of stylistics. The &transitivity& is one of his precise and methodical models, which is based on Halliday’s &functional grammar&. Transitivity is a special grammatical tool used to visualize experience in language and include the three elements of the process, the participants, and the circumstances. Therefore, in the stylistic analysis of texts with the model of transitivity, the above linguistic elements are emphasized.Moreover, research in the field of Persian mystical literature has often been done on the internal structures such as conceptual content and intellectual areas of the authors and less attention has been paid to the external structure and linguistic levels of these works; while evaluating them with new criteria is very effective in further understanding this precious heritage.Tamhidat is one of the richest writings of Sufis in expressing the principles of the path and mystical secrets and the result of personal experiences of Ein alQozat Hamedani, which has been conceptually analyzed and interpreted many times but has been less evaluated in terms of external and linguistic structures. The present study, using Paul Simpson’s &transitivity& analysis model, analyzes the text and evaluates the components of that model, including phrases and verbal groups, nominal groups, circumstances (adverbial group and Preposition groups) and has dealt with all the frequent elements that have given this work a stylistic specificity in various forms.According to the results of the research, Ein alQozat, depending on the subject, has quoted 493 Quranic verses and 98 narrations of the Prophet. In addition, he has quoted in his work the words of 8 other prophets, the four caliphs, and 46 great men of religion and Sufism in his work. Apart from ideological sources, Ein alQozat has used 267 verses of Persian poetry and 11 verses of Arabic poetry in his book to emphasize various topics. For this study, some parts of Tamhidat have been selected that show the thought and art of Ein alQozat. A stylistic study of the transitivity in Tamhidat suggests that Ein alQozat, through the intellectual or experimental function of language, has used mental actions and processes (relations of the outside and inside world) in the service of the educational and doctrinal content of his work. He also used the interpersonal function more than any other type of language function in which language regulates the relationships between participants through indication, command, and interrogation in the form of verbal actions. Therefore, in Tamhidat in general, the use of relational and verbal processes is much more than other types. Material, behavioral, existential, and to some extent mental processes have not received much attention from Hamedani and are much less present in the Tamhidat.The relational processes of Tamhidat (how a phenomenon or a situation is reported) are expressed in the form of indicative sentences, which make up about 89%  of the total sentences and are used to report and teach. This feature introduces the Tamhidat as a news and reporting work. In the verbal process, which has the second place of application, some examples of stylistic features have been found:1Using different types of “vocative sentence& and especially the call &O friend!& and &Dear!& with high frequency. This feature indicates the sincere communication of  Hamedani with the audience. 2 The use of &verbs& with first and secondary meanings, especially the specific use of &be& which is not used in the true sense of &being&, but evangelism and in a way encouraging to be patient and carries a kind of definite prediction.3 Using &interrogative propositions& with secondary purposes such as denial questioning, denial of the subject, bowing and glorifying the subject, a small number of the audience and even blaming the audience.These characteristics show that the Ein alQozat has recognized and used different ways and methods of dialogue. Although the mental process is not used in highfrequency, the specific use of &sounds&, especially with the implications of &sorry!&, is a stylistic aspect. Ein alQozat has used it 177 times in various states, such as the inability to be puzzled, the intensity of the onslaught of meanings in his mind, pettiness, and regret. This feature shows the author’s extreme pain (consciously).The high use of superhuman contributors and spiritual worlds introduces the Tamhidat as a spiritual book; on the other hand, the high frequency of employing human participants, as well as the high rate of use of emotions, positive and negative human actions make this book dedicated to human beings and the human world. Therefore, according to the research data, it can be said that the Tamhidat of Hamedani is a work in which the man has been depicted in a spiritual world.