واضح بخارایی و تبیین نقش وی در احیای سنت تذکره‏نویسی ادبیِ فارسی در ماوراءالنهر

تذکره ‏نویسی ادبی نخستین بار در زبان فارسی با  لباب‏ الالباب عوفی بخارایی در آغاز سدۀ هفتم هجری آغاز شد. پس از جدایی سیاسی ایران و ماوراءالنهر در سدۀ دهم، این سنت به حیات خود ادامه داد؛ اما در سدۀ دوازدهم و بیشتر سال‏ های سدۀ سیزدهم هیچ اثرِ مستقلی در این نوع ادبی در این منطقه تالیف نشد. قاری رحمت‏ الله واضح بخارایی، از ایرانی‏ تباران بخارا (1233-1311ق)، در سال 1288ق/1871م با تالیف تذکرۀ تحفه‌‏الاحباب فی تذکره‌‏الاصحاب این ژانر ادبی را در ماوراءالنهر احیا کرد. مسئلۀ اصلی این پژوهش معرفی انتقادی تذکره، تذکره‏ نویس و طبقه ‏بندی معیارهای تذکره‏ نویسی در نزد وی است. نگارنده برای یافتن پاسخ به پرسش ‏های نهفته در مسئلۀ پژوهش با استفاده از روشِ تحلیلی انتقادی به معرفی واضح بخارایی و تذکرۀ وی پرداخت و در ادامه با انتخاب نه شاخص، مهم ترین معیارهای تذکره ‏نویسی مولف را تحلیل کرد. این جستار اطلاعات پایه ‏ای دست ‏اولی از زندگی و تذکرۀ واضح در اختیار پژوهشگران قرار می‏ دهد، به ‏گونه‏ ای که می‏ توان از آن در تصحیح اطلاعات نادرست منابع تالیف ‏شده در ایران و ماوراءالنهر بهره برد.

Vazeh Bukharayi and his significant role in Persian literary biography writing in Transoxiana

1. Introduction Except for the lost work of Managheb alSho’ara (early 13th century) written by AboTaher Khatouni and the scientificliterary magazine of The Four Essays (Chahar Maghaleh) written poetically by N. A. Samarkandi (circa 1156), Lubab ulAlbab is the first literary biography written by ‘Aufi Bukharayi (1222). When Iran and Transoxiana were divided politically in the 17th century, this genre was still kept common through the publication of five biographies in Transoxiana. Transoxiana was in the constant struggle because of its politicoeconomic instability; constant struggles among the Khans in the region, and the wars in Khorasan border, all in all blocking the literary and cultural flourishing of the region; however, in 1871, RahmatAllah Vazeh Bukharayi (18181893/1894) revived this literary genre after 179 years through his biography entitled Tuhfat alAhbab.   2. Theoretical framework RahmatAllah Bukharayi, the son of Mohammad Ashur, wrote under the penname of Vazeh. He was a poet, writer, and an Iranian biography writer from Bukhara. This study aims to explore the role of Vazeh Bukharayi and his biography in reviving the tradition of Persian literary biography writing in the literary environment of Bukhara in the second half of the 19th century. The assumption is that Tuhfat alahbab fi tazkirat alashab became the model of biography writing for five other writers in Bukhara in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of the originality of the oral and written references, its comprehensiveness, the writer’s fame, and the employment of the biography writing criteria in selecting the poets and poems.   3. Methodology To answer the research questions, the study employed an analyticcritical approach to introduce Vazeh Bukharayi, and then analyzed the nine criteria significant for the biography writer.   4. Results and discussion Vazeh Bukharayi’s ancestors were a group of enforced immigrants from Merv under the rule of Amir Shah Morad Manghiti (ruling from 17851800). They moved to Samarkand and Bukhara in the early 18th (1785) century after Merv was destroyed. Vazeh was born in Bukhara and lost his father and family when he was beginning his education. However, he could finish his education in Bukhara at the age of 27 in 1844. He is most famous for his biography writing. Tuhfat alAhbab fi Tazkarat alAshab or Ghari RahmatAllah is a regionalepochal biography in Persian. Vazeh’s biography uses a dual simple and literary language of Persian and Bukharayi’s Persian accent. The biography consists of three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction and conclusions sections are very concise and short. The biography writer has alphabetically listed (based on their pennames) the life and works of 148 poets, scientists, Persian literary figures living in Bukhara and the surrounding region in the Manghiat era. Some other poets from the literary environment of Mings in Kokand, particularly under the rule of Amir Omar Khan Kokandi (ruling from 1810 to 1822) were noted as well. Moreover, the biography describes the career of 14 Afghan poets, 6 Qajar poets, 6 Iranian immigrants from Merv to Bukhara, 4 Indian poets, and 1 Bulgarian poet (Kazan, Russia).   5. Conclusion Rahmat Allah Bukharayi revived the genre of Persian literary biography writing in Bukhara after 179 years through the publication of TuhfatalAhbab fi Tazkarat alAshab, selecting poets from the literary environment of Iran, Afghanistan, and India. This brought the literary mainstream, particularly in Iran, back to Bukhara. He established a novel approach in style and language, by avoiding the Bideli’s superficial and complicated style. In this regard, Vazeh could be viewed as the survivor of the traditional Persian biography writing in Bukhara in the 19th century after Mohammad Badi’ Maliha Samarandi, who wrote Mozkker alAshab in the late 18th century. All the literary and historical biographies authored in the Persian and Uzbek region in the 20th century are in debt to that of the Vazeh, meaning that they could all be a complementary work to Vazeh’s biography.