بررسی عنوانِ داستان‌های جنگِ حوزه کودک و نوجوان (دهۀ شصت و هفتاد)

به‌دلیل اهمیت «عنوان» در خوانش و درک متن و نقش آن در کشف و تحلیل مفاهیم متن، بررسی این موضوع در آثار ادبی کاری شایسته است؛ ازاین‌رو توجه به عنوان هر داستان نیز نقش مهمی در شناخت درونمایه، موضوع و محتوای آنها دارد. در گزینش عنوان داستان‌ها عوامل درون‌متنی و برون‌متنی نقش مهمی دارند. عوامل درون‌متنی شامل عناصر داستان و عناصر بلاغی است و عوامل برون‌متنی شامل شخصیت‌های تاریخی و اسطوره‌ای، باورها و عقاید مطرح در جامعه، مکان‌های خاص و بینامتنیت است. برخی از این عوامل (درون‌متنی و برون‌متنی) مانند شخصیت‌پردازی، درون‌مایه و توجه به مکان‌های خاص در گزینش عنوان نقش مهم‌تری دارند. توجه به عوامل گزینش عنوان در تحلیل ساختار و محتوای داستان‌های جنگ، ازجمله داستان‌های کودک و نوجوان، موضوع ارزشمندی است. ساختار عنوان‌ها در دهۀ شصت بیشتر ساده است تا ترکیبی؛ با فاصله‌گرفتن از جنگ، عنوان‌ها نیز هنری‌تر می‌شود و مضامینِ عنوان‌ها نیز بیشتر به زمان جنگ توجه دارد تا پشت جبهه یا نوستالژی جنگ. به‌دلیل واقع‌گرایی داستان‌های جنگ، به‌ویژه در دهۀ شصت، توجه به عناوین عینی (مانند شخصیت‌ها و مکان‌های حقیقی)، بیشتر از عناوین ذهنی و دور از ذهن است.

A Study on Title of Children and Teenagers War Stories (the sixties and seventies)

Abstract The study of title is the most important element in semiology. The reader enters into the next through title and gets help form it to understand. To analyze the construction and the content of story we need to have some investigation on title of it. Title has three different roles in the whole story; 1) It is as a sticker of story and it clarifies the feature of the story. 2) It has as an allegoric and symbolic role and the reader can get into the world of story through that. 3) It helps to figure the messages of story out. Categorization and the study of titles of war story in children and teenagers literature is one of the applicable approaches in story writing and processing the current study. Paying attention to the factors in choosing the titles of analyzing the construction including children and teenagers stories can help a lot. Titles are different in their simplicity or being compound or mental cases. The titles of stories in 60s are simpler. But being away of the war, we can see more compound and poetic titles. Sometimes the titles of stories especially in 60s are statement. And through this you can find out the message and content of story. The titles of stories are more identical rather than mental both in 60s and 70s. The mental titles refer to particular sites and real characters. Some of the titles of children and teenagers stories are simple and consisted of one portion. This approach was more applied in 60s than 70s. Most of the names combinations were of two or more lexemes. This tip is usually emotional. This can indicate that the willingness of writers aimed to simplicity. That’s because a child and teenager reader can get more relation whit emotional actions. Some story names are of just one statement. And the melody of the writers shows the simplicity of story is clear to readers; like existing the war lexemes in the title of story. Intratextual and extratextual factors have great role in choosing the titles of stories. The items that introduce the features of story and supply the background for conversation and the main text are called intratextual elements. These elements talk about the features of text, topic and contents. The intratextual factors which have great impact on war stories include numbers, things, themes, contents, characterization and imagery among which characterization and themes have had the greatest effect. Characterization is the most important process of creation of a story. Some of naming procedures are in relation with the story characters. There are three type of characterization in investigated stories. Sometimes the character of story is human body, sometimes animal or things. Theme and content have the specific importance in a story. Because they are not uttered clearly, based on the titles of the stories and their symbolic descriptions we can figurate out that the writers of 60s are willing to choose the names which have spiritual dimension. The most important themes which are used in teen and kids war stories are connected to war situations. We can refer to the lexemes of martyrdom, victory, hope, hometown loving, and struggling with enemy. And some events are specified to behind the war location. The usage of rhetoric elements in 70s is more than in 60s. These elements include simile, metaphor, personification, and symbol. Similes and metaphors are simple and sensible, personification is used a lot, and there is a great sing of usage of natural symbols. Extratextual factors have indirect connection with the text. They talk about the outside world of the text. The extratextual factors are applied in choosing titles or taken from the historical noble characters, or refer to a place or event in history. Among these factors attentive consideration to specific sites has great role in choosing the title. The outlook and approach of kids and teenager has been always positive. This tip in story titles is visible for these reasons: A) in scene decoration, there has been great attention to color and time. Caring about light colors more than dark ones. B) The content of title is specified to the war than behind it. According to titles, we can say that the willingness of writers is for these reasons: A) Willingness of writers to nature and outer matters. B) Their attention to events in war and its results. C) The usage of writers’ hometown in titles of most of stories. D) Caring about identical titles such as characters and actual places.