تاثیر مقامات حریری بر گلستان و بوستان سعدی

یکی از آثار مهم و اثرگذار بر کلام سعدی در گلستان و بوستان، مقامات حریری است. این کتاب را که سرشار از انواع ظرافت‌ کلام عرب است، به‌حق می‌توان نمونۀ عالی فصاحت در ادب عرب شمرد. سعدی که سال‌ها در بغداد زندگی کرده است، با این کتاب انس تمام یافته است و اشاراتی که به‌ویژه در بوستان دارد به‌طور تام بر این علاقه و انس دلالت می‎کند. از مطالعۀ آثار سعدی و مقامات حریری و مقایسۀ آنها این نتیجه حاصل می‌شود که سعدی در بیان مطالبی به‌طور مستقیم از مقامات حریری اثر گرفته است. این تاثیرات شامل دو جنبۀ لفظی و مضمونی و محتوایی است. در این مقاله اثرپذیری کلام سعدی در بوستان و گلستان از مقامات حریری نشان داده شده است.

Maqamat alHariri's Impression on Saadi's Golestan and Bustan

Abstract Saadi who is renowned as the "King of the Realm of Literature", in addition to his own innate sense and inherent faculty, benefited from various sources, for his eloquence. One of these sources and references has been the unique masterpiece of the Arabic letters, Maqamat alHariri by AbuMohammed AlQasim Hariri Basri (446516 H = 10541122 AD). This work, owing to its inclusion of nice and astonishing anecdotes, abundance of figures of speech, esthetic requisites of speech and frequent usage of the Qur'anic Verses, Hadith, Arabic poems and proverbs, attracted Saadi's attention.  As Saadi used to study at the Nezamieh school of Baghdad, he became familiar with the book. Saadi's attention to Maqamat is to the extent that he has mentioned it in Golestan and Bustan, in a number of occasions. It is worth mentioning that the Persian literary figures and poets had never deemed themselves to be needless of Maqamat alHariri; however, it seems that Saadi has been interested in the book, more than anyone else. As a consequence, in the Persian poetry and literary works, the strongest inspiration from the book can be seen in Saadi's words. As a matter of fact, the rhetorical style of Saadi'sGolestan is similar to Maqamat to a great extent. As Bahar, Malekosho'ara( poet laureate) asserts " Golerstan is the second Maqamat alHamidi" which is, in turn, regarded as an utter imitation of Maqamat alHariri. In short, Saadi has mentioned some points in Golestan and Bustan which are indicative of his attention to Maqamat alHariri. The inspirations of Saadi from Maqamat alHariri are of two categories: The first category includes verbal inspirations, so that we can sometimes see that Saadi quotes some words from Maqamat alHariri, which are used in the Persian literature for the first time, e.g. juxtaposing the two words of /ʔeʃa/ (=the night prayer)and /ʔæʃa/ (=supper) or the two words of /ʤəʊʔ/ (=hunger) and /hoʤəʊʔ/ (=sleep) and sometimes a complete phrase has been cited, e.g. /be hokme zæruræt/ (=as the need arises). The second category, which is more important than the first, is the citation of similar concepts, which sometimes includes a phrase, e.g. " practical effect on distant people" (making some people cry) or lack of competence in asking and answering questions, in which Saadi renders Hariri's word "missing all arrows in the quiver"to "He dropped the arrow of the reason quiver". And sometimes, Saadi utilizes the gist of a tale narrated by Hariri, and develops it very delicately and artistically by changing the characters and sets it in a new design, as if it has happened to him himself, e.g. the Euphrates Narrative of Maqamat alHariri, mentioned in the 4th chapter of Bustan, under the topic of "Anecdote of the Scholar".