تحلیل موانع استرداد مجرمین اقتصادی از کانادا

در سال­‌های اخیر برخی متهمین اقتصادی برای فرار از تعقیب و مجازات به کشور کانادا گریخته­اند و دولت ایران هم موفق به استرداد آن‌ها نشده است. سوال این است که موانع مهم این عدم استرداد چیست و چگونه می‌توان راهکارهای قابل‌اتکا به‌ویژه در رفع موانع حقوقی ارائه کرد؟ فرضیه مقاله آن است که عوامل مختلف سیاسی و حقوقی باعث پیچیدگی امر استرداد این قبیل مجرمین شده است. از حیث سیاسی، استرداد مجرمین نیازمند همکاری بین‌المللی است و تقاضای استرداد در قانون و رویه کانادا و همچنین در سیستم حقوقی ایران از طریق سیاسی به عمل می‌آید. موافقت وزیر دادگستری کانادا با شروع روند استرداد از موانع جدی سیاسی استرداد مجرمین بین دو کشور محسوب می‌شود. ازلحاظ حقوقی نیز موانعی چون فقدان قرارداد استرداد بین ایران و کانادا و نیز مغایرت برخی از مجازات‌­ها با موازین حقوق بشری ازجمله کنوانسیون منع شکنجه، از موانع اصلی استرداد مجرمین متواری از کشور کانادا به ایران است. این مقاله با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی ابتدا به توصیف روند استرداد در دو کشور کانادا و ایران پرداخته، سپس با بررسی شرایط و موانع استرداد در حقوق ایران، کانادا و حقوق بین‌الملل، به چالش‌های حقوق بشری سد راه استرداد می‌پردازد.

analysis of the obstacles of the extradition of economic offenders from canada

in recent years, some individuals accused of economic crimes have fled to canada to evade prosecution, and the iranian government has been unsuccessful in extraditing them. this study investigates the primary obstacles hindering these extradition efforts, with a focus on identifying and addressing legal impediments.the hypothesis of this research posits that various political and legal factors contribute to the complexity of the extradition process. politically, extradition necessitates international cooperation, and extradition requests in both canadian and iranian legal systems are often pursued through political channels. the approval of the canadian minister of justice is a crucial political hurdle in the extradition process between the two countries. legally, the absence of an extradition treaty between iran and canada, along with the incompatibility of certain punishments with international human rights standards, such as the convention against torture, pose significant obstacles to extraditing criminals from canada to iran.this study begins by defining the  category of &economic crimes.& it then analyzes economic crimes as defined in canadian and iranian law and examines the extradition procedures in both countries. subsequently, it explores the political and legal obstacles to extradition between the two countries, paying particular attention to human rights concerns, such as the death penalty and torture, and examining potential solutions within the iranian legal framework. furthermore, this study investigates the feasibility of applying extradition rules outlined in international treaties to facilitate the extradition of economic criminals from canada. the extradition of any criminal, particularly those involved in economic crimes, requires international cooperation and interaction. most legal systems worldwide share common principles of extradition: the existence of a bilateral or multilateral extradition treaty, the criminality of the act in both the requesting and requested states (dual criminality), the seriousness of the crime, and adherence to human rights considerations.while both canadian and iranian laws provide examples of economic crimes, they lack comprehensive and specific definitions. however, significant similarities exist in the identification of these crimes in both jurisdictions. in cases where an extradition treaty exists (whether permanent or occasional), these similarities play a crucial role in fulfilling the &dual criminality& requirement, a fundamental condition for extradition.the extradition of criminals from canada necessitates a thorough review of canadian domestic extradition law. in canada, the extradition process involves both judicial and political stages. canadian extradition law includes a series of optional or mandatory supplementary laws that may prohibit extradition in certain circumstances. extradition may be denied if it is deemed unfair, unjust, or if it poses a risk of suffering or harassment to the individual. additionally, the minister of justice may oppose extradition if the potential consequences are deemed incompatible with the fundamental principles of justice enshrined in the canadian charter of rights and freedoms.a critical aspect of extraditing nationals is the consideration of canadian law and procedure. unlike many countries with roman-germanic legal systems, canada may extradite its own citizens under specific conditions outlined in its extradition law. the iranian government can pursue the extradition of economic criminals who have acquired canadian citizenship by adhering to canadian legal procedures. the primary obstacles to extraditing fugitive economic criminals to canada are primarily political and human rights-related. these obstacles include the lack of an extradition treaty, the absence of reciprocal action between the two countries, concerns regarding dual criminality, and non-compliance with international human rights standards.the 1984 convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment prohibits the extradition of individuals to countries where they may face such treatment. although iran has not ratified this convention, it has taken steps to address this concern by enacting legislation that allows for the conversion of certain punishments, such as the death penalty, to imprisonment or fines. this empowers courts to issue judgments and convert punishments while providing necessary guarantees to the requesting state. while iran and canada have not yet concluded an extradition treaty, canadian law does not always require a formal treaty for extradition. canadian courts have established that extradition can proceed based on prior agreements with the requesting country, which may not necessarily involve a formal treaty. therefore, establishing mutual legal assistance, ensuring compliance with international human rights standards, providing guarantees for fair trial and just punishment, and avoiding the death penalty or torture are crucial steps towards achieving an agreement with canada.