لزوم تبعیت منفعت از ضمان؛ اقتضای مواد 387 و 558 قانون مدنی

اصول کلی بهره‌برداری از منفعت مال، اصولاً پیرو مالکیت آن مال است؛ اما در جایی که مالکیت متزلزل است یا اولویت ندارد، نیازمند قاعده‌سازی جهت تعیین منفعت برای یکی از طرفین توافق است. هدف این پژوهش، رسیدن به یک معیار کلی تعیین منفعت برای جایی است که سکوت مقنن در خصوص ماهیت های ذکرشده یا مخالفت با نظریه آن در شرع وجود دارد. ازاین‌رو سوال محوی این است که منفعت مبیع قبل از قبض در عقد بیع و مضاربه در حالت عدم کسب سود یا از بین رفتن سود به‌دست‌آمده، به چه کسی تعلق می‌گیرد؟ با جستار در یافته های فقیهان اسلامی، به روش تحلیلی- توصیفی ورود محتوای قاعده الخراج بالضمان در قانون مدنی ایران به‌عنوان یک قاعده عمومی شرعی در تعیین منفعت مزبور معرفی و در پس آن، مجالی برای اعتبارسنجی بیش از مدلول تلف مبیع قبل از قبض به‌عنوان قاعده متشرعه که فرض اولیه مبحث جاری است، باقی نمی ماند. لذا علاوه بر استظهار مویدات معانی ذکرشده، در مواد 551،483، 558 و 387 قانون مدنی ایران و ماده 1427 قانون مدنی عثمانی، اثر قهقرایی انفساخ در ماده 387 ق.م. و لزوم تعیین منفعت در مضاربه برای طرفی که شرعاً و قانوناً زیان حادث بر او فرض شده، به‌عنوان دستاوردهای نوآورانه پژوهش معرفی می‌ شوند.

the necessity of adherence to liability benefits: an analysis of articles 387 and 558 of the civil code

in the realm of financial transactions, the customary exchange of money serves as the foundation, aiming to satisfy the needs and requirements of each party involved. in this context, the mastery of rights by both buyers and sellers becomes imperative. however, situations may arise where, before the property is handed over to the buyer, it is destroyed due to unforeseeable events beyond the seller’s control. in such cases, the transaction deviates from the parties’ intentions and customary practices. if, during this transaction, the seller has already received payment, article 387 of the civil code mandates the return of the funds to the buyer. this reimbursement is contingent on the non-transfer of the property that was originally part of the sale.moreover, the goods being traded might possess inherent interests separate from the primary property, complicating the status of these additional interests. article 387 of the civil code only addresses the seller’s obligation to refund the transaction funds to the buyer, revolving around the concept of the &destruction of the object of sale before delivery.& nevertheless, this legal provision does not explicitly delineate the consequences of such annulment. as a result, a degree of ambiguity emerges when dealing with this scenario. jurists, recognizing this gap in the law, have delved into this issue, seeking clarity and resolution.this matter has spurred extensive debates in both imamiyyah and sunni jurisprudence, leading to varying interpretations. some scholars, in their attempt to explain the effects of annulment, have created an alternative rule known as &advantages and interests of an object follows the risk.& this rule aims to mitigate the ambiguity surrounding the annulment of pledge agreements.additionally, some scholars have posited that property ownership temporarily reverts to the seller, highlighting that during this brief period, the seller is obligated to refund the transaction amount. however, all these perspectives converge on the idea that the property ultimately belongs to the buyer, with the benefits and interests inextricably tied to the buyer’s claim. this viewpoint contradicts the shariah rule of &advantages and interests of an object follows the risk,& a principle upheld by the prophet of islam, which places the responsibility for benefits and interests on both the buyer and the seller.it is important to note that the rule of &advantages and interests of an object follows the risk& is divinely ordained, whereas the rule of the &destruction of the object of sale before delivery& stems from scholarly interpretation. this stark contrast highlights a fundamental conflict in unassigned law: the ownership status of benefits. the preference for the sharia rule of &advantages and interests of an object follows the risk& over the rule of &destruction of the object of sale before delivery& dictates that the benefits continue to belong to the seller, aligned with the remaining property’s ownership status.furthermore, the acceptance of the rule of &advantages and interests of an object follows the risk& in relation to &commandite& has been acknowledged in civil law through extensive jurisprudential studies. consequently, it has been established that adhering to the benefits guaranteed to each party in a properly executed agreement, where both parties maintain control over the property involved, is considered legally valid and representative.