ضرورت تنظیم سند بین‌المللی الزام‌های دولت عاملِ مهندسی زمین و ساختار معاهده پیشنهادی

دستکاری در آب‌وهوا از علوم نوبنیادی است که بسیاری از دولت‌ها مدت‌هاست از آن در راستای اهداف خویش بهره می‌جویند؛ اما این اقدام‌ها و عواقب آن، که غالباً کشورهای غیر از کشور عامل را نیز متاثر می‌سازد، تحت هیچ قانون ملی و فراملی قرار نگرفته و مسئولیتی متوجه عاملین نیست. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و تطبیقی در پی پاسخ به این سوال است که با چه سازوکاری می‌توان معاهده‌ای بین‌المللی در خصوص الزام‌های مهندسی زمین و مسئولیت ناشی از آن تنظیم کرد؟ مدعای این مقاله این است شاخصه‌های چهار سند بین‌المللی کنوانسیون انمود، موافقت‌نامه تریپس و پروتکل مونترال و قانون ملی سیاست محیط‌زیست آمریکا (نپا) و مسئولیت اعمال منع‌نشده، می‌تواند الگو و ساختاری برای معاهده‌ پیشنهادی تلقی شود. یافته‌های این مقاله نشان می‌دهد ترکیب سه مشخصه‌ «الزام دولت‌ها به ارائه ارزیابی زیست‌محیطی طرح‌هایشان در قانون نپا، تعیین راه‌کارهای حل اختلاف در موافقت‌نامه تریپس و ویژگی اصل احتیاط و رویکرد پیشگیرانه و نیز صندوق چندجانبه در پروتکل مونترال» در چارچوب کلی متخذه از کنوانسیون انمود به انضمام اجتناب از مشکلات آن در مسئول دانستن دولت‌های عامل می‌تواند معاهده‌ای نسبتاً جامع در خصوص مهندسی زمین و مسئولیت عواقب ناشی از آن در اختیار جامعه‌ی بین‌الملل قرار دهد.

the need for establishing an international convention on the responsibility of the geoengineering executive government and its proposed structure modeled

introduction: one of the emerging sciences of the last century is the study of climate change on both local and global scales, which attributes many weather events. at the local level, climate modification techniques encompass activities like cloud fertilization to induce local rainfall. however, geoengineering, often defined as deliberate large-scale intervention in the earth's climate system to mitigate global warming, entails altering the climate on a global or hemispheric scale. this can have effects beyond national borders, spanning continents and hemispheres, potentially resulting in disasters such as the accidental and man-made blizzard in beijing, imperiling human life. despite numerous governments capitalizing on climate change for their agendas, the actions and consequences, which often impact countries beyond the responsible nation, lack coverage under national or transnational law. this research aims to highlight the absence of legal frameworks addressing governments' climate manipulation, imposing accountability on perpetrators towards victims of these actions. it reviews existing national and international documents related to climate change and seeks to address how governments can be held responsible for geoengineering. methodology: this research adopts a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach. this research employs a comprehensive descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, drawing on a multifaceted approach to ensure a thorough examination of the subject matter. combining these methodologies allows a nuanced understanding of the necessity for an international convention on the responsibility of the geoengineering executive government and its proposed structure. descriptive analysis allows for a meticulous examination of existing literature, legal documents, and agreements related to climate change, geoengineering, and international law. by scrutinizing these materials, the research aims to identify gaps, inconsistencies, and areas in need of further development within the current legal framework. this approach enables a clear articulation of the issues that the proposed international convention should address. moreover, a comparative methodology is integral to this research, as it enables the systematic assessment of existing international agreements that could serve as models for the formulation of a comprehensive geoengineering treaty. by juxtaposing agreements such as the environmental modification convention (enmod), the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (trips), the montreal protocol, and the united states national environmental policy act (nepa), the study aims to distill the most relevant and effective components from each agreement. this comparative analysis facilitates the identification of elements that can be integrated into the proposed geoengineering convention to ensure its robustness and efficacy. the research also delves into historical contexts and case studies to illustrate instances where climate manipulation techniques have led to unintended consequences and the absence of legal accountability. this historical analysis enhances the research's depth by providing real-world examples of the potential risks and impacts associated with geoengineering. in addition, the research employs a qualitative approach by engaging with expert opinions, legal scholars, and policymakers in the field of international environmental law. by conducting interviews and surveys, the study seeks to gather insights into the perspectives and opinions of stakeholders regarding the need for an international convention on geoengineering responsibility. these qualitative data provide valuable context and viewpoints that contribute to a well-rounded analysis.