توصیف قرارداد در حقوق ایران با نگاهی به حقوق کشورهای خارجی و فقه اسلامی

نظام‌مندی حقوق حاکم بر عقود ایجاب می‌کند که قرارداد، زیر چتر حمایت یکی از عقود معین یا نامعین قرار ‌گیرد و لازمه آن کشف نوع عقد از زوایای آشکار و پنهان قرارداد است. هدف از نگارش این مقاله، سنجش صحیح عنوان واقعی عقد از طریق بهره‌گیری از ضوابط مشخص و ابزارهای حقوقی است. سوال اصلی این ست که دادرس در مواجهه با ماهیت‌های حقوقی غیرواقعی، مختلط، مشکوک و یا پنهان در یک قرارداد چه وظیفه ای دارد و چگونه باید عنوان صحیح عقد را کشف و بر رابطه حقوقی طرفین حاکم کند؟ این پژوهش با اتکا بر روش توصیفی-تحلیلی بر این باور است که در صورت عدم اعطای وصف صحیح به قرارداد توسط طرفین، قاضی دادگاه می‌بایست در فرآیند دادرسی، بی‌اعتماد به سرپوش ظاهری قرارداد و متکّی بر ضوابطی از جمله توجه به قرائن لفظی و شروط قراردادی، حاکمیت اراده باطنی و عرف انگاری حاکم بر معاملات، قصد واقعی طرفین را کشف و سیطره حقوق و تعهدات طرفین را شناسایی کند.

description of the contract in iranian law with a look at foreign law and islamic jurisprudence

the codification of contractual laws necessitates that a contract falls within the protective framework of either definite or indefinite contracts. it is crucial to ascertain the type of the contract based on both evident and latent aspects. a significant matter within the realm of contract law, closely linked to delineating the rights and extent of obligations of the involved parties, is contract description. this issue arises when the parties, either due to unfamiliarity with the contractual system or for various legitimate or illegitimate reasons, select an incorrect title for their contract or enter into a contract with no explicit terms. consequently, the judge may either deem the parties' choice satisfactory or encounter uncertainties in determining the contract, potentially resulting in deviations in contractual effects. in contemporary times, novel legal relationships emerge among individuals, which necessitates a careful examination to determine the appropriate contractual classification. consequently, it becomes imperative for the court to devote sufficient attention to the contract description to accurately ascertain and declare the extent of contract ual obligations. the purpose of this research is to effectively assess the true nature of the contract by employing specific criteria and legal tools. the article seeks to address the following questions: what role does the judge play in determining the apparent title of the contract? can the judge accurately describe the contract type without objection from either party, and in what legal contexts does contract description arise? is the practice of contract description recognized in the legislation of other countries and islamic jurisprudence? furthermore, what criteria should be considered to provide a comprehensive description of the contract title? the author of the present work believes that when describing a contract, the judge should not be bound solely by the apparent title of the contract. instead, the judge should discern the true nature of the contract during the legal proceedings and attribute its effects accordingly to the legal relationship between the contracting parties. through the current research, which incorporates the viewpoints of imamiyya jurists, as well as jurists from foreign and domestic jurisdictions, and employs a descriptive-analytical approach, the following conclusions have been drawn: contract description involves uncovering the underlying essence of contracts by considering the parties' genuine intentions and prevailing customs. in the realm of contract law, the concept of contract description emerges when parties make errors in naming the contract or assign it a misleading title for various reasons. in such cases, the judge should not merely rely on the explicit language of the contract and consider themselves absolved of responsibility. it is insufficient to act solely in accordance with the apparent intentions of the parties. instead, when dealing with such contracts, the judge must look beyond the surface-level words and uncover the true title or nature of the contract. the identification of the legal nature of contracts and its application to the legal forms of contracts is a widely accepted and justifiable practice in legal systems worldwide. nowadays, in international legal documents, there is a prevailing trend to prioritize the true substance of the contract over its apparent form. however, this principle holds true unless the hidden contract is tainted by fraud and deception. in such cases, while the contract may be valid between the parties, it cannot be invoked against third parties. the prevention of formalization in contracts holds great importance for the judge, primarily to avoid falling into the traps of simulation and deviation from the true essence of the contract.