اخبار ساختگی و اطلاعات گمراه کننده در چشم انداز صلح و امنیت بین المللی: با نگاهی بر منازعات قومی

اخبار ساختگی و اطلاعات گمراه‌کننده در عصر دیجیتالی‌شدن ارتباطات، پدیده‌ای است که پیچیدگی مفهومی و آثار متفاوت آن در ابعاد مختلف زندگی فردی و جمعی انسان‌ها، نیاز به واکاوی و بررسی‌های عمیق و دقیق دارد. این مقاله تلاش دارد تا با بررسی رویکردهای اخیر در سازوکارهای بین‌المللی به‌ویژه از سال 2015 به این سو، به بررسی این مهم بپردازد که چگونه و چرا اخبار ساختگی و اطلاعات گمراه‌کننده در حال تبدیل شدن به تهدیدی جدی و جهانی علیه صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی است. از این‌رو چشم‌انداز حاکم بر این مقاله توصیفی-تحلیلی است. هرچند سازمان‌ها و نهادهای بین‌المللی چه در سطح منطقه‌ای و چه در سطح جهانی در کنار نهادهای دولتی و داخلی کشورها و در سطوح مختلف، تلاش‌هایی ذیل عنوان «مبارزه با اخبار ساختگی و اطلاعات گمراه‌کننده» با هدف (ادعایی) حمایت از ساختارهای دموکراتیک و حقوق گروه‌های اقلیت، امنیت و ثبات در جامعه صورت داده‌اند، اما این تلاش‌ها با نقدهایی به‌ویژه بر محور آزادی بیان روبرو بوده است و منقدین بیم آن را داشته‌اند که در مسیر مبارزه با اخبار ساختگی و اطلاعات گمراه‌کننده، حقوق و آزادی‌های فردی و گروهی نقض شود.

fake news and disinformation in the perspective of international peace and security

fake news and disinformation have emerged as significant challenges in the digital age, with profound implications for individual and societal well-being. this article aims to provide an extensive analysis of recent international legal mechanisms developed since 2015 to address the escalating threat posed by fake news and disinformation to international peace and security. employing a descriptive-analytic approach, this study explores the reasons behind the proliferation of fake news and disinformation, and their multifaceted impacts, and draws upon several legal articles addressing this issue. efforts to counter the spread of fake news and misinformation have gained traction among international organizations, regional and global institutions, national governments, and various stakeholders at different levels. these initiatives aim to uphold democratic structures, protect the rights of minority groups, and maintain security and stability in society. for instance, the united nations (un) has recognized the impact of disinformation on peace and security, emphasizing the importance of promoting information literacy, critical thinking, and responsible journalism to combat this issue (un, 2020). the un security council, in its resolution 2317 (2016), acknowledged the potential role of fake news in exacerbating conflicts and destabilizing regions. however, such endeavors have not been without criticism, particularly concerning the potential infringement upon freedom of expression. critics argue that measures taken to combat fake news and disinformation may inadvertently curtail the rights and freedoms of individuals and groups. balancing the need to address the harmful effects of fake news while safeguarding freedom of expression remains a complex challenge for policymakers and legal experts alike. legal scholars such as fenwick (2019) highlight the necessity of finding the right balance between countering disinformation and protecting free speech, advocating for nuanced approaches that do not undermine democratic values. moreover, research conducted in multi-ethnic countries reveals that fake news and disinformation can exacerbate ethnic tensions, leading to a new form of threat and discrimination against ethnic groups. false information can perpetuate existing conflicts and foster animosity between different communities. a study by johnson et al. (2018) examined the role of disinformation in fueling ethnic conflicts in southeast asia, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to counter its divisive impact. similarly, research by di gennaro and dutton (2019) explored the impact of disinformation on ethnic polarization in nigeria, emphasizing the role of social media platforms in amplifying divisive narratives. to effectively address the challenges posed by fake news and disinformation, international legal mechanisms should be carefully designed to target the dissemination of false information while upholding the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals and groups. collaborative efforts between international organizations, governments, civil society, and media institutions are crucial in developing and implementing strategies. the council of europe, for instance, has adopted a comprehensive approach, emphasizing media pluralism, transparency, and supporting fact-checking initiatives (council of europe, 2017). the european union, through its code of practice on disinformation, seeks to promote transparency, integrity, and accountability in online platforms (european commission, 2018). drawing upon the experiences and recommendations of legal scholars and researchers, several key strategies can be identified to address the issue of fake news and disinformation comprehensively. first, fostering media literacy and critical thinking skills is essential in enabling individuals to discern reliable information from falsehoods. educational programs, awareness campaigns, and media literacy initiatives should be promoted to enhance the public's ability to critically evaluate news sources and content (kaplan, 2019). the importance of media literacy is also recognized by organizations such as unesco, which emphasizes the need for comprehensive media and information literacy programs to counter disinformation (unesco, 2018)