تحلیل معامله به قصد فرار از پرداخت دین از منظر اصول زیربنایی حقوق قراردادها

در حقوق قراردادهای ایران «معامله به قصد فرار از پرداخت دین» به یک معضل حقوقی در روابط قراردادی تبدیل شده است، زیرا از طرفی در ماده 218 قانون مدنی، چنین معامله ‌ای نافذ و معتبر شمرده شده و از طرف دیگر در مقررات جزایی، تحت عنوان کلاه‌برداری و سایر عناوین مجرمانه قابل تعقیب کیفری است. در این مقاله، به روش تحلیلی – توصیفی، ضمن بازاندیشی و تعمیق در اصول حقوق قراردادها و تمیز اصول روبنایی و زیربنایی، وضعیت این معامله مطابق با اصول زیربنایی حقوق قراردادها یعنی اصولی که قواعد حاکم بر قراردادها از آن اقتباس شده است، بررسی شد. سوال اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که وضعیت حقوقی معامله به قصد فرار از پرداخت دین از منظر اصول زیربنایی حقوق قراردادها چیست؟ به نظر می رسد عدم اعتبار این معامله از دیدگاه شارع مدنظر است، چون تبعاتی مانند اضرار به طلبکاران، سلب اعتماد از بازار مسلمین و افزایش منازعات قراردادی را به همراه دارد که تمامی آن‌ها به ادله شرعی نامشروع شمرده شده است. همچنین یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد معامله به قصد فرار از پرداخت دین با اصل برقراری عدالت، اصل امنیت قراردادی که متضمن لزوم اجرای تعهد و پرداخت دیون است و اصل مشروعیت هدف معامله ناسازگار است. لذا چون قابلیت صحت و اعتبار ندارد، نمی‌توان به اصولی مانند قاعده سلطه و اصل حاکمیت اراده آن را معتبر دانست.

analysis of the transaction with the intention of evading debt payment from the perspective of the basic principles of contract law

a transaction conducted with the intention of evading debt payment is a legal act that poses challenges to ensuring judicial justice. by engaging in such a transaction, the obligee practically diminishes their financial power, rendering their previous obligation non-binding according to debt-related provisions. this situation leads to losses for creditors who have entered into long-term transactions with the debtor, as they trusted the debtor's property as collateral. conversely, it allows the trader to unjustly and illegitimately benefit from legal protections meant for debtors. the purpose of these protection provisions is to assist genuine debtors who did not willingly expose themselves to debt, not those who exploit these protections to escape their obligations. the prevalence of such transactions, which result in the appearance of formal transactions without substance and transactions lacking the intention of implementation, poses a problem for contract law and the provision of judicial justice. the issue can be explained by examining the status of any contract in two stages. first, there is the stage of identification and legitimization, where the contract is evaluated based on social interests and the general objectives of contract law. if the transaction aligns with the underlying principles, it will be recognized as part of the structure of contractual rights; otherwise, it will be deemed prohibited. for instance, gharari transactions are not recognized in islamic law as they contradict the fundamental principles. once a deal passes this stage, it enters the second stage, which involves validating the contract in specific circumstances and in relation to the parties involved. this assessment determines whether the concluded contract meets the conditions of correctness. therefore, the conformity of a transaction with the general rules and goals of contract law is referred to as legitimacy, while its non-compliance is considered illegitimacy, resulting in its nullity. it is worth noting that although numerous books and articles have analyzed this issue from the perspective of validity and invalidity, this article examines it from the standpoint of transactional legitimacy. it explores whether a transaction with the intention of evading debt payment can be considered legitimate, considering the principles of respecting creditors' rights, fostering trust in the market, and promoting social benefits while resolving conflicts. in iran's contract law, the transaction with the intention of evading debt payment has become a legal issue in contractual relations. article 218 of the civil code considers such a transaction valid and enforceable, while criminal regulations allow for its prosecution under fraud and other criminal charges. this article adopts an analytical-descriptive approach to delve into the principles of contract law, differentiate between superstructure and underlying principles, and investigate the status of this transaction in light of the basic principles from which contractual rules are derived.