تعهدات حقوق بشری گروه‌های مسلح غیر دولتی در مخاصمات مسلحانه غیر بین‌المللی

اﻣﺮوزه اﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ ای ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ آن ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ، ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻏﯿﺮﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ. اﮐﺜﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎت ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮای ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ اداﻣﻪ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻣﯿﺎن ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻏﯿﺮدوﻟﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺸﻮر ﯾﺎ ﻣﯿﺎن ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی مسلحی داﺧﻞ ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﯾﮏ ﮐﺸﻮر رخ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻏﯿﺮدوﻟﺘﯽ در دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎی اﺧﯿﺮ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه ای ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺮ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻏﯿﺮﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن وارد ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﺑﻮدن اﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻃﯿﻒ وﺳﯿﻌﯽ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ ی ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺘﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ در آن ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ، ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﺸﺮدوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ در ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ اﺟﺮا ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد، ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ و ﻏﯿﺮﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺪارد، ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮارد اﺟﺮا ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ اﻣﺮوزه ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮ در ﻣﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ اﺟﺮا ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد، ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ رواﺑﻂ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ و اﻓﺮاد ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺖ آن ﻫﺎ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﻣﻠﺰم ﺑﻮدن ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺠﺎدﻻت ﺑﺴﯿﺎری را ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ و ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا، ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮال اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﻠﺰم ﺑﻪ رﻋﺎﯾﺖ و اﺟﺮای ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﺮ و در ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮدن ﭘﺎﺳﺦ، ﺗﻌﻬﺪﻫﺎی ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮی ﺑﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ و ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺮا اﺳﺖ. در اداﻣﻪ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ادﻋﺎ ﮐﻪ از زﻣﺎن ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ، ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان ﻏﯿﺮدوﻟﺘﯽ در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺣﺎص ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﻫﺎی ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺸﺮی ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﺢ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠﻤﺮو اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ.

human rights obligations of non-state armed groups in non-international armed conflicts

nowadays the vast majority of armed conflicts are non-international conflicts. mostof these conflicts, which last for along time take place between one or more non-state armed groups with one country or between such armed groups within the territory ofa state. the proliferation ofarmed groups in recent decades aswell as the growing impact ofthese armed groups on civilians, has caused the international community’s concern. given the protracted nature of these armed conflicts, as well as the wide range of governmental and non-governmental activities in which armed groups participate international humanitarian law is unable to regulate the relations between armed groups and civilians about activities that have no nexus to armed conflict. the law that applies to these cases is human rights law. although it is wieldy accepted that human rights law also applies in armed conflicts given to the nature of human rights law that was created to regulate the relationship between states and individuals within their jurisdiction the applicability of human rights law on armed groups leads to many controversies between states and doctrine. despite these controversies, current legal practice tends to argue that armed groups who exercise de facto control over territory are bound by human rights law. in this article by examining practice and doctrine, we try to prove that armed groups are bound by human rights law.