بررسی تاثیر همزمان دمای آب آبیاری و فشار روی دبی نوارهای آبیاری قطره ای درزدار و پلاک دار

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻧﻮﯾﻦ آﺑﯿﺎری ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر، روش آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮهای- ﻧﻮاری اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای ﻧﻮاری ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻮار آﺑﯿﺎری و ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﯿﮏ آن ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ دارد و ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آن، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن آﺑﯿﺎری و ﯾﮑﻨﻮاﺧﺘﯽ ﭘﺨﺶ آب، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﺪت ﮐﺎر ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ و ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدی دﺑﯽ ﻗﻄﺮه ﭼﮑﺎنﻫﺎی ﻧﻮار آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر و دﻣﺎی آب آﺑﯿﺎری اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد. ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ، ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ آﺑﯿﺎری و ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮل ﺑﻠﻨﺪ، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﻄﺮه ﭼﮑﺎن ﻫﺎی ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. آب ﻫﺎی ﮔﺮم ﻫﻢ در ﺟﻬﺎن ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﯽ آﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺮای آﺑﯿﺎری ﻣﻮرداﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ دﻣﺎی آب ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎی ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ﻗﺮارﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﭼﺸﻢ ﮔﯿﺮی اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎ اﺛﺮ اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ و ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺸﯽ دﻣﺎی آب آﺑﯿﺎری ﺑﺮ دﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای درزدار ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎ در ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎی ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ دﺑﯽ ﻫﺮ دو ﻧﻮع ﻧﻮار آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای درزدار و ﭘﻼک دار ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد و ﺳﻌﯽ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدی اراﺋﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮔﺮدد. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، 10 ﻧﻮع ﻧﻮار آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮهای از دو ﻧﻮع ﭘﻼکدار و درز دار ﺑﺎ ﮐﺪ ﻫﺎی t4 ،b ،s ،p، id ،i ،t1 ،t2 ،t3 و yd اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. در ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام از ﻧﻮار ﻫﺎ، 25 ﺑﺮش ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺮش ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 3 واﺣﺪ ﻗﻄﺮه ﭼﮑﺎن دار ﺑﻮد ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻃﻮل ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام از ﺑﺮش ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﺪوده 100 اﻟﯽ 120 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﻓﺸﺎر و دﻣﺎی آب آﺑﯿﺎری ﺑﺮ دﺑﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری، ﯾﮏ ﻣﺪل ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ در آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ آب داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﺮدﺳﺘﺎن در ﺳﺎل 1397 ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﭼﻬﺎر دﻣﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آب آﺑﯿﺎری ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 13، 23، 33 و 43 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮاد در ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎی ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻣﺘﺮ 1 ﺗﺎ 1/2 ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ، ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪ. ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد 9261 iso و 6775 irisi اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ دﺑﯽ- ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ دﺑﯽ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل- دﻣﺎ، ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان دﺑﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری، آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ 4 ﺗﯿﻤﺎر و 25 ﺗﮑﺮار اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎی آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 4 دﻣﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )13، 23، 33 و 43 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﮔﺮاد( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار آﻣﺎری sas اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آزﻣﻮن lsd ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای و دﻣﺎﻫﺎی ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺗﻮان ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ دﺑﯽ- ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮ از 0/2و ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ از 0/8 ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ از ﻧﻮع ﻏﯿﺮﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﻌﻄﺎفﭘﺬﯾﺮی آن ﻫﺎ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﻄﻠﻮب و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل اﺳﺖ. اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ دﺑﯽ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار (0/05> p) و ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دﻣﺎ ﻣﯿﺰان دﺑﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات دﻣﺎ، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮاﺗﯽ در ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ روﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای ﭘﻼک دار ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات دﻣﺎ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ از ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای درزدار ﺑﻮد و از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات دﺑﯽ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮی ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮی: ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ازﻟﺤﺎظ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر در درﺟﻪ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دﻣﺎی آب آﺑﯿﺎری ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دﺑﯽ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات دﻣﺎی آب آﺑﯿﺎری در ﻣﺤﺪوده 13 ﺗﺎ 43 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﮔﺮاد اﺳﺖ از ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی آﺑﯿﺎری ﻗﻄﺮه ای ﭘﻼک دار و ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت دﺑﯽ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺷﺪه ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدی ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد.

Investigating the simultaneous effect of irrigation water temperature and pressure on discharge of Irrigation drip tapes of seaming and plaque equipped

Background and objectives: The performance of drip tape irrigation system depends on the choice of irrigation tape and its hydraulics. Numerous factors affect the discharge of the drip tape irrigation, the most important of which are the changes in pressure and temperature of the irrigation water. Changes in field topography, unsuitable design of the irrigation system, as well as the use of tapes with long length, cause a pressure difference between the drippers of the irrigation tapes. Also, the water temperature of the laterals pipes exposed to direct sunlight increases significantly. In some studies, the effect of increasing or decreasing water temperature on the discharge of tapes of drip irrigation has been studied, but in this study, the effect of water temperature in different operating pressures on the two types of drip irrigation tapes of seaming and plaque equipped has been studied and was attempted to present the results as applied equations and compared.Materials and methods: In this study, 10 types of drip irrigation tapes were selected from two types of seaming and plaque equipped with the codes ID, I, T1, T2, T3, T4, B, S, P, and YD. In each tape were selected 25 test sample, randomly, which every test sample included at least 3 dripper units. The length of each test sample was in the range of 100 to 120 cm. In order to investigate the simultaneous effect of pressure and irrigation water temperature on the discharge of irrigation tapes, a physical model was designed and built in the Research Laboratory of Water Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan in 2018.4 different irrigation water temperatures, including 13, 23, 33, and 43 centigrade, were applied to the irrigation tapes at operating pressures of 1 meter to 1.2 times the maximum pressure. All tests were performed according to ISO 9261 and IRISI 6775. General Equations of discharge Pressure and normalized discharge Temperature, all tapes were obtained. In order to investigate the effect of temperature on the discharge of irrigation tapes, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 25 replications. Experimental treatments included 4 different temperatures (13, 23, 33 and 43 ° C). Data were analyzed by SAS statistical software and the mean of treatments was compared using LSD test. Results: At the standard temperature of 23 ° C, the power of the discharge pressure equation of 6 tapes was less than 0.5, 2 tapes between 0.5 to 0.6 and 2 tapes between 0.6 to 0.8. Therefore, all tapes were pressure non compensating and their flexibility in terms of pressure changes was desirable and acceptable. At other temperatures studied, the power of discharge pressure equation changed, which was less than 0.8 in all cases. The effect of temperature on the discharge of all irrigation tapes was significant (p < 0.05) and often increased with increasing temperature. The power of linear equation of normalized discharge temperature of the tapes ranged from 0.02 to 0.66 and the width of their origin was between 53 and 121. The sensitivity of plaque equipped drip irrigation tapes to temperature changes was lower than seaming drip irrigation tapes and had lower discharge changes.Conclusion: All of the drip irrigation tapes studied are of good quality in terms of sensitivity to pressure changes. Also, due to the fact that increasing the temperature of irrigation water increases the discharge of the tapes, it is recommended to use the plaque equipped tapes and normalized discharge equations proposed by the present study in areas where the changes in irrigation water temperature are between 13 to 43 ° C.