puma optimization-based pid controller for enhanced load frequency control in islanded microgrids with renewable energy sources and hybrid energy storage system

In recent years, the use of high-power density storage systems in hybrid energy storage systems (hesss) has gained considerable attention. among these, superconducting magnetic energy storage (smes) systems have emerged as effective complements to battery energy storage systems (bess), contributing significantly to hesss within microgrids (mgs). to mitigate frequency fluctuations and ensure optimal utilization of both bess and smes units, this paper proposes a hybrid control strategy based on a proportional-integral-derivative controller integrated with the puma optimizer algorithm (pid+po). the proposed po is employed to optimally tune the pid controller parameters, thereby minimizing frequency deviations. to validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach, it is benchmarked against particle swarm optimization (pso), genetic algorithm (ga), grey wolf optimizer (gwo), ant lion optimizer (alo), moth flame optimizer (mfo), salp swarm optimization (ssa) and grasshopper optimization algorithm (goa). simulation results show that the pid+po controller reduces the peak frequency deviation by up to 42.9% and the rms frequency deviation by up to 20.5%, demonstrating its superior performance in enhancing system stability and frequency response.