تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی ترس از جرم: آزمون تجربی نظریه‌های اثربخشی جمعی و پنجره‌های شکسته

تحقیق حاضر درصدد تبیین ترس از جرم در مناطق حاشیه‌نشین با تکیه ‌بر نظریه‌های پنجره‌های شکسته و اثربخشی جمعی است. فرضیات پژوهش با روش پیمایش آزمون شده‌اند. جامعه آماری را کلیه افراد بالای 15 سال ساکن در شهرک حجت شهر مشهد تشکیل می‌دهند که از بین آنان 394 نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای به‌ عنوان نمونه انتخاب ‌شده‌اند. اطلاعات با ابزار پرسشنامه جمع‌آوری و تجزیه و تحلیل شده است و میزان آلفای متغیر وابسته 84/0 بوده است. یافته‏ها نشان‌ می‌دهد بین متغیرهای بی‌نظمی اجتماعی تصوری، بی‌نظمی فیزیکی تصوری با متغیر وابسته (ترس از جرم) رابطه مستقیم و معناداری وجود دارد و بین متغیرهای اعتماد اجتماعی، احساس تعلق محله‌ای و کنترل اجتماعی غیر رسمی با متغیر وابسته، رابطه معکوس و معناداری برقرار است. همچنین نتایج رگرسیونی بیانگر آن است که متغیر اعتماد اجتماعی، قوی‌ترین تبیین‌کننده ترس از جرم است و متغیرهای مستقل این پژوهش توانسته‏اند 40/0 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته را تبیین نمایند.

Sociological Study of Fear of Crime: An Empirical Test of the Theory of Collective Efficacy and Broken Windows

Introduction:With increasing urbanization and the development of cities, especially in recent decades, a phenomenon such as industrialization, population density, traffic pressure, the loss of the sense of neighborhood and kinship ties reduction, reduction of social emotions, increased immigration and suburbia, and as mentioned zukin the "urban spaces are not safe enough for people, so that people can participate in the creation of popular culture" (1995: 38). There is a potential that causes it or how to deal with crimes that residents of large cities in the field of dealing with concerns and fears are ahead. Ferraro (1995) emotional response to fear or anxiety, fear of crime as a crime or symbols that defines a person with a crime. Pain and William and Hudson (2000) assume that the fear of crime as a wide range of emotional and practical responses to crime and disorder that occurs in an individual or community (Quoted from: Jyhyng Park, 2008: 11). The consequences of the fear of crime (insecurity) at different levels of individual, neighborhood and community can be studied at the individual level, fear of crime has a significant psychological impact by limiting the possibility for movement and mobility of people in their local neighborhood, their individual freedoms to reduce and cause their dissatisfaction with the neighborhood, the community and the whole of their lives. In the neighborhood and the fear of crime reduces solidarity, participation in community and social relationships and, ultimately, at the social level, as unjust and unequal potential adverse consequences of fear of crime can be imposed on people who are disadvantaged in terms of economic and social and lacks the resources to take care of themselves, their property or change the location of the crime areas are fertile (McCrea  et al., 2005: 4041). We can say this for very vulnerable urban areas. Today, in urban areas, most reference data are crime (Rabbani, Afsharkohan2002, koldi and firozjah Rahmani،2007) This fact and its interaction with other urban inevitable features, including: high rates of migration, ethnic and cultural diversity, intense class conflict, the low level of solidarity, development and rapid changes in the result, the legibility of the city and all undeniable phenomenon that is causing the fear of crime and reproduction.the design of the urban environment, population density, disorder and indecency environmental and spatial factors, the latter including: readability and identity of urban space, how to use the urban environment, social control, police, social capital, social and gender inequality, and local solidarity social, and cultural diversity (Franklin, 2008; Nicholson, 2010; Schafer  et al 2006). n urban areas are areas that environment factors increase the fear of crime is greater there than in other urban areas. Broken windows theory, including theories that explain the fear of crime focuses on spatial factors, the effectiveness of the theory, more spatial factors affecting fear of crime (social trust, interpersonal relations, social control and ... ) emphasizes, combining these two theories would enrich the research model and consequently increase its explanatory power is produced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of space and spatial relationships on fear of crime using the theories of "Broken Windows" and ", Collective efficacy " is marginalized areas. Materials and Methods:Research method is surveys and data collection was questionnaire. The research population of this study included all residents of the town of Mashhad, proof of which 394 persons were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed using spss software is to check the validity and content validity and construct validity and reliability of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine. The dependent variable in this study, fear of crime and and independent variables Percived physical Disorder, Percived Social Disorder, social cohesion (including two social trust and sense of place) and informal control is effective.Discussion of Result and Conclusions:The results indicate that the broken windows theory and the theory of collective efficacy were able to more than 40 percent of the dependent variable to predict and explain the changes. According to broken windows when the physical and social disorder in the neighborhood great idea, conception of the neighborhood residents, the neighborhood with the disorder. According to scholars this theory, this disorder is considered an affront to the feelings of the neighborhood group that led to the creation of a broad sense of disorder, and the residents induces a sense of fear of crime. The theory of collective efficacy refers to people interactions. According to the statement of the theory, as social cohesion in the neighborhood (which combines social confidence and sense of place), and other more control, the irregularities observed (especially social disorganization) and consequently the idea of ​​disorder less and the fear of crime will be reduced. Variable regression results suggest that social trust (ß: 0/358) was the largest in the prediction of fear of crime, and after having variables Percived physical Disorder (beta = 0/270) and gender (beta =0/270 ), informal control (beta = 0/16) and finally the Percived Social Disorder (beta = 156/0) have had a significant contribution.