ناهمسانی در ‌حل مسئله، رفتارهای پاندولیک: یک نظریۀ زمینه‌ای از چگونگی حل مسئله در ‌بین زوجین یزدی

با‌توجه به اینکه نحوۀ برقراری تعامل‌ها در خانواده‌ها در حل مسائل و تعارض‌های آنها نیز نقش مهمی دارد، در پژوهش حاضر کوشش شده است فرآیند و چگونگی حل مسائل با تاکید بر حل مسئله و گفت‌وگو در‌میان زوجین یزدی بررسی شود. بدین منظور، از رویکرد کیفی، روش نظریۀ زمینه‌ای و همچنین نمونه‌گیری نظری استفاده شد. در این پژوهش 31 نفر از زوجین خانواده‌های متعارف شهر یزد انتخاب شدند و با آنها مصاحبۀ عمیق انجام شد. سپس اطلاعات گردآوری‌شده با استفاده از کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی در‌قالب 67 مقولۀ فرعی و 18 مقولۀ اصلی دسته‌بندی شد و در‌قالب یک مقولۀ هسته‌ای با عنوان «ناهمسانی در حل مسئله، رفتارهای پاندولیک» و در‌نهایت، الگوی پارادایمی و طرح‌وارۀ نظری پژوهش نیز ارائه شد. نتایج پژوهش به‌طور کلی، بیانگر ناهمسانی زوجین در حل مسئله با خانواده است که در زیست‌جهانی جنسیتی و اقتداگرایانه شکل‌‌‌گرفته و دو راهبرد سازش و خشونت / اجتناب را در‌مقابل یکدیگر قرار می‌دهند که باعث می‌شود افراد برای حل مسئله در خانواده از استراتژی‌هایی گفت‌وگویانه یا ضدگفت‌وگویانه استفاده کنند.

Dissonance in ProblemSolving Pendolic Behaviors: Towards a Grounded Theory of ProblemSolving Formation among Yazdi Couples

IntroductionOne of the most important characteristics of every family is the way of communication and interactions between family members. This desirable communication would guarantee family health and consequently health in the society. Individuals in a family use various methods to solve family problems, some of which lead to the creation or destruction of interactive conetxts. Dialogue is one of the most important elements of communication skills and a social action in families. Problemsolving methods in a family can be considered to be dialogueoriented or antidialogue methods. Today, families have delegated many of its responsibilities to other social institutions. Their most important task is to establish desirable and constructive relationships and create a dialoguebased context among family members. Unfortunately, the average dialogue between couples in Iranian families is about 15 minutes according to the latest research in the country. This indicates a sharp decline in dialogue among Iranian families (Radiogoftogoo, 2018). Also, many damages the family context, including inequality, unbalanced distribution of power, domestic violence, emotional divorce, extramarital relationships, generation gap, etc. originate from incorrect and antidialogue methods in problemsolving, as well as the weakness of the culture of dialogue, which has been intensified by sexist discourse at various levels of the family and society. Therefore, scientific research in this field is necessary. This study aimed to explain the problemsolving process through dialogue among couples in Yazd City with a sociological approach.  Materials and MethodsThis interpretive research was based on a qualitative method. Among the various methods of qualitative research, it used the grounded theory strategy with Strauss and Corbin’s objectivist approach. Samples were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling to achieve saturation. 31 couples were selected from among normal families in Yazd City. Indepth interviews were utilized for data collection. With the permission of the participants, the interviews were recorded. Each interview lasted between 70 and 180 minutes. Theoretical coding method was also applied to analyze the data and develop the grounded theory. Then, the recorded interviews containing all the details were converted into a text. The analysis process was performed simultaneously with data collection. Strauss and Corbin’s method was employed for data analysis. The data were analyzed linebyline for opencoding. Also, along with the development of concepts and categories and construction of the basis of the grounded theory, axial and selective coding were utilized. Finally, a research paradigm model was presented. The validity of the findings was ensured via prolonged engagement, peer review, negative case analysis, memberchecking and deep description. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The present study aimed to explain the problemsolving process through dialogue among Yazdi couples. The collected data were categorized into open, axial, and selective coding, including 18 main categories and 67 subcategories. These categories were presented in one core category of dissonance in problemsolving Pendolic behaviors. Then, the paradigm model and theoretical scheme of the research were presented. The results generally showed the dissonance of couples in problemsolving in a family formed based on the lifeworld of gender, power structure, and family structure and function. In fact, the culture of gender that governed the society and the family structure of each couple had caused gender differences in individuals, some of which were related to biological differences between the two sexes and most of them were due to cultural and social structures of the society and cultural and educational contexts of families. The rotational and interaction effects of these factors, which had caused differences between couples, had affected the problemsolving process and methods in families. They had caused dissonance in the methods taken by each couple to solve their problems. In general, couples’ strategies for solving their problems can be summarized into the two opposing strategies of compromise and violence/avoidance. Compromise includes constructive and desirable strategies that ultimately aims to reach an agreement and empathy to solve problems. It is based on dialogue and thinking together. The strategy of avoidance/violence is related to the people, who prefer to run away from family problems and issues, remain silent, or destroy the desired interaction contexts by aggression, which destroys the context of dialogue. Therefore, dissonance in strategies, which is due to heterogeneity in couples’ views and attitudes and is affected by social and cultural structures, culture of gender, and power structure in the family, leads to intensification of conflicts and family issues. It makes each couple use a different method for solving problems and consider his/her own method as the best method.