زندگی و سوژگی ناهمتراز، مطالعه‌ای انتقادی از پدیدۀ اجاره‌نشینی در شهر اصفهان

انسان‌ها نیازهای متعددی دارند که برای رفع آنها به ‌شیوه‌های مختلف می‌کوشند. یکی از اصلی‌ترین و ضروری‌ترین آنها، داشتن مسکن است. در سال‌های اخیر، تملک مسکن به‌دلیل نوسانات اقتصادی و کاهش قدرت خانواده‌ها، سخت شده است. این مسئله، اجاره‌نشینی را به امری بدیل، تبدیل کرده است. در‌واقع، هم تعداد اجاره‌نشینان و هم مدت‌زمان اجاره‌نشینی در‌‌حال ‌گسترش است. این روند در شهرهای بزرگ، به‌ویژه شهر اصفهان برجسته‌تر‌شده و با شکل‌گیری شهرک‌های حاشیه‌ای همراه شده است. در این پژوهش کوشش شده است، نقش مناسبات سیاسی و اقتصادیِ نابرابر، در این وضعیت و همچنین مسائل و پیچیدگی‌های زندگی این گروه از مردم بررسی شود. روش استفاده‌شده در این پژوهش، مردم‌نگاریِ انتقادی به ‌شیوۀ کارسپیکن است. پس از مطالعات اولیه بر‌اساس رویکرد اتیک، بررسی‌های میدانی، مشاهدات اولیه و شناسایی اجاره‌نشینان، 19 نفر از اجاره‌نشینان انتخاب و مصاحبۀ عمیق شدند (رویکرد امیک). داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده، کدگذاری شد و مقوله‌های اصلیِ استخراج‌شده، شامل زیربنای سیاسی اقتصادیِ نابرابری، سوداگری در بازار مسکن، سیستم ناکارآمد مالیاتی، سوژه‌زداییِ اقتصادی و سیاسی، کالا‌انگاری مستاجر، زندگی و سوژگی ناهمتراز، تجربۀ شکاف طبقاتی‌افزوده و بیم و امید اعتراض اقتصادی است. به‌‌طور‌ کلی نتایج این امر نشان می‌دهد پایداری نوسان اقتصاد و بازارهای مالی، سوژگی و پیش‌بینی‌پذیریِ زندگی شهروندان اجاره‌نشین اصفهان را مختل و زندگی آنها را همانند بازارهای مالی دچار نوسان کرده است. همچنین، مناسبات اقتصاد سیاسی بر زندگی آنها حاکم و کیفیت زندگی آنان افت کرده است و تجربۀ آنها از شکاف طبقاتی در‌‌حال ‌فزونی است. روند اجاره‌نشینی روبه‌گسترش بوده و به‌موازات آن کیفیت زندگی افراد پایین‌آمده و حاشیه‌نشینی نیز افزایش پیدا کرده است.

Unjustified Life and Subjectivity: A Critical Study of Tenancy in Isfahan City

IntroductionHuman beings have numerous needs and try to satisfy them in different ways. One of their most important needs is shelter. Having a shelter is very important since having a proper house has been stated as a right for every Iranian family in the 31st principle of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also, providing a minimum shelter for all Iranian citizens has been considered as the duty of the government in the 29th and 42nd principles of the constitution. Housing has an important role in the economy of a country and since a house is not transportable, it has a capital value that can affect any country’s development. Owning a house has become more difficult in recent years due to economic fluctuations and households’ decreased purchasing power. Hence, renting a house has become a common phenomenon. In fact, both the number of tenants and even duration of renting are increasing. Meanwhile, each social class may be involved in different levels of intensity related to this social problem. Therefore, it can be said that the difficulties imposed on the middle and lowerclass households have more intensities. This procedure is more prominent in larger cities, especially in Esfahan where new marginal towns are being formed. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the role of unequal political and economic relations in this process and show the issues and complications of the mentioned groups of people.  Materials and MethodsThe present research followed the method of critical ethnography with Carspecken’s approach. Critical ethnography has been widely used as a study method for dealing with the issues of lowincome groups in recent years. This approach aims at redefining some social situations and phenomena by revealing the hidden hypotheses and utilizing the principles of critical theories with the aim of making a link between social phenomena and sociohistorical events.Carspecken’s 5stage approach starts with nonparticipatory field observations so that the researcher first acts as an anonymous observer in the research field and makes initial notes according to his/her observations. The second step is to do a prior structural analysis. In this stage, the researcher organizes his/her infiled observations and provides an initial analysis of them. He/she raises his/her interpretations in the form of basic categories by using an etic approach and then prepares the conditions to enter the 3rd stage that involves a clear conversation without intermediaries. In this stage, the researcher enters the field again by informing the participants. The second step in this stage is gathering information from the subjects’ ideas and views obtained from personal interviews. The extracted data from these interviews can verify or reject the researcher’s knowledge obtained in the former steps. The 4th and 5th stages are followed together through an etic approach. In these 2 stages, the data obtained via available theories and intersystem relations are analyzed. Accordingly, after conducting primary studies based on the etic approach, filed investigations, initial observations, and identification of tenants in this research, 19 tenants were chosen for a deep interview through an emic approach. Then, the gathered data were coded. The main categories included political and economic inequalities, trading in the housing market, inefficient tax system, economic and political desubjectifications, tenant merchandising, unequal life and subjectivity, experience of an added class gap, and fear and hope of economic protest.Discussion of Results Conclusions     The present study sought to investigate the situation of tenants throughout Esfahan City from a critical view. Renting is not a new phenomenon, but a struggle for the households, most of whom are from the middle class and have no power for buying a house. It is not a choice for experiencing different houses, but a coercion for the middleclass people. It is a permanent coercion that destroys some family members’ personal development opportunities. Since the families’ incomes are mostly paid for rent day after day, this situation makes them less capable for longterm planning. The biggest concerns imposed on tenants are financial worries and economic fluctuations, unbalanced average income and everyday expenses, as well as the lack of management in the housing sector. Since political affairs affect people’s lives, along with economic affairs, especially more intensely in developing societies, tenants are more involved in the implacability of life capacities. In fact, when both economic and political fields play roles to decrease citizens’ welfare, people fall by default at a distance from their decisionmaking fields. These people usually get a defensive position in response and decrease their needs though suffering from their social class decline anyway. The results in this study showed that economic fluctuations had disrupted Esfahani tenants’ lives, which were fluctuating themselves like financial markets. Their life qualities had decreased, while they were experiencing an increasing class gap. As a result, marginal living around big cities was being increasingly formed.