ظهور تمارض اجتماعی در زندگی روزمره مورد مطالعه: تعاملات میان کارکنان و مراجعان مجتمع شمارۀ 10 مرکز شورای حل اختلاف شهر تهران

تمرکز این پژوهش بر تمارض1 اجتماعی به معنای شانه خالی‌کردن از انجام وظایف قانونی و اخلاقی با ارجاع به عوامل بیرونی و ناموجه است؛ اینکه این کنش اجتماعی چرا و چگونه در تعاملات اجتماعی و زندگی روزمره ظهور و بروز می‌یابد. برای رسیدن به این منظور و در پی تدقیق معنایی و مفهوم‌شناسی پدیدۀ تمارض اجتماعی و تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی زمینه‌های شکل‌گیری آن در تعاملات اجتماعی و زندگی روزمره، تمارض اجتماعی مبتنی بر طرح جی‌تی‌ام کلاسیک (clgtm) یعنی الگوی ظهوریابندۀ گلیسر در نظریۀ زمینه‌ای دنبال و راهبرد‌های آن در زندگی روزمره و در عملِ کارکنان و مراجعان مجتمع شمارۀ 10 مرکز شورای حل اختلاف در شهر تهران به روش‌های گوناگون رصد شده است؛ به این ترتیب، با نمونه‌گیری نظری، 36 نفر برای انجام مصاحبه‌های عمیق انتخاب و داده‌های حاصل از گفتگو با مشارکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش با استفاده از فرایند کدگذاری دومرحله‌ای در طرح جی‌تی‌ام کلاسیک تحلیل و مقوله‌بندی شدند. در فرایند کدگذاری و مقوله‌بندی داده‌ها نیز با کاربست نرم‌افزار maxqda، از مزایای آن برای تنظیم و تنسیق اطلاعات و تفسیر و تحلیل پدیده‌ها بهره برده شد. این پژوهش سبب کشف مقولۀ محوری «راهبردهای بقا در شرایط آشفتگی اجتماعی» شد؛ به این ترتیب، تمارض اجتماعی در نوسانی میان ازهم‌گسیختگی و وابستگی اجتماعی، راهبردی برای بقا در شرایط آشفتگی اجتماعی است؛ شرایطی که در آن، کاهش سرمایۀ اجتماعی و نیز وجود انگیزه‌های بسیار برای انتقام از جامعه، افراد را به مسئولیت‌گریزی و شانه خالی‌کردن از انجام وظایف قانونی و اخلاقی سوق می‌دهد و همزمان، وابستگی اجتماعی ناشی از تعلق خاطر یا احتیاج، موجب توریه، توجیه و دلیل‌تراشی و ارجاع به عوامل بیرونی به‌منزلۀ بهانه‌ای برای انجام‌ندادن تعهدات و نداشتن حس وظیفه‌شناسی است.

The Emergence of Social Malingering in Everyday life: Interaction among Employees and Clients in Complex No. 10 of Dispute Resolution Council Center in Tehran

IntroductionThe starting point of this study is to focus on social malingering, which bears up the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties pretexted as unjustified external factors. The main question iswhy and how this social action appears in social interactions and daily life. In Iran, various political and social groups do not take responsibility for their behaviors; instead, they blame others for their shortcomings and anomalies. Many intellectuals have turned their backs on politics and do not pay attention to people’s lives. Also in social interactions and daily life, drivers may not take responsibility for their driving violations and carelessness; similarly nurses and physicians consider low facilities, inadequate salaries, and benefits and similar factors as the main cause of their shortcomings. It is often heard that the lack of competency of authorities is the only cause of social problems and issues. The aforementioned instances could form malingering that has a social dimension. According to experts, malingering is not an individual problem; rather, it stems from major cultural and psychological problems in a society. In this way, the majority of psychiatric and psychological researches on malingering seek to diagnose and treat it from a psychological point of view. Using the concept of social malingering in the sociological context, this study seeks to analyze the contexts of formation and emergence of the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties pretexted as external unjustified factors in social interactions and daily life. Five research questions are formed in this study: 1) What are  contextual conditions in the occurrence of social malingering?; 2) What are  intervening conditions in the occurrence of social malingering?; 3) Under what causal conditions does social malingering appear in social interactions and daily life?; 4) What do malingerers think about their performance?; and 5) What strategies do people use for social malingering, and what are the strategies for dealing with them in social interactions and daily life?  Materials and MethodsIn this study, following the semantic inference and conceptualization of the phenomenon of social malingering and the sociological analysis of the contexts of its formation in social interactions and everyday life, we intend to pursue social malingering, based on the classic grounded theory method (GTM) scheme, the classic model of Glaser, in the emerging design to the GTM. In this way, social malingering and its strategies have been observed in various ways in the practical and daily life of the employees and clients in complex No. 10 of the Dispute Resolution Council Center in Tehran, Iran. That is, we concentrated on places, people, and events that maximize our understanding of social malingering in that field and enrich its categories in terms of features and dimensions.For this purpose, 36 people were selected by means of theoretical sampling for depth interview runs. The data obtained from interviews were analyzed and categorized using the twostep coding process in the classic GTM scheme. In the data coding process and its categorizing, we used MAXQDA software Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThis study identified the ‘survival strategies in conditions of social anomy’ as a core category. Thus, social malingering in the fluctuations among disintegration and social dependency could be seen as a strategy for survival in conditions of social anomy; circumstances in which the reduction of social capital, on the one hand, and the existence of many motives for revenge on the other, lead individuals to shirk responsibility and shirk their legal and moral duties. At the same time, the social dependence arising from the attachment of a need or necessity causes the pretension, justification, and reasoning, and the reference to external factors as an excuse for nonfulfillment of obligations and lack of conscientiousness.