جدایی‌‌گزینی فضایی یا جدایی‌گزینی اجتماعی؟ بررسی مقایسه‌ای الگوهای ازدواج زنان مناطق بالا و پایین شهر همدان

جدایی‌گزینی فضایی طبقات اجتماعی در بیشتر مواقع با جدایی‌گزینی اجتماعی همراه است؛ بدان معنا که الگوهای رفتار اجتماعی نیز متناسب با جدایی‌گزینی فضایی طبقاتی تغییر می‌کنند. بر این اساس، انتظار می‌رود افراد متعلق به طبقات مختلف که در مناطق جدا از هم زندگی می‌کنند، الگوهای رفتاری متفاوتی داشته باشند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، مقایسۀ الگوهای ازدواج زنان در مناطق بالا و پایین شهر همدان است. الگوهای ازدواج عبارت‌اند از: الگوهای سنی، نحوۀ آشنایی، میزان شیوع ازدواج خویشاوندی، ازدواج درون‌قومی و نیز تفاوت‌ها در معیارهای ازدواج. فرض بر این است که منطقه (تجلی جدایی‌گزینی طبقاتی) با الگوهای ازدواج ارتباط دارد. در این پژوهش از نظریه‌های جغرافیای اجتماعی معطوف به کنش ورلن و نظریۀ قومی فرهنگی و همانندی مشخصه‌ها استفاده شده است. روش پژوهش، روش پیمایشی و جمعیت مطالعه‌شده شامل زنان متاهل مناطق بالا و پایین شهر همدان است. حجم نمونۀ بررسی‌شده 325 نفر است که ازطریق فرمول کوکران و بعد از پیش‌‌برآورد صفت در جامعه برآورد شده است. روش نمونه‌گیری نیز نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای است. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss تجزیه و تحلیل شده‌اند. از آزمون‌های کای اسکوتر (خی دو)، آنالیز واریانس و آزمون t برای بررسی ارتباط متغیرها استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان دادند میانگین سن ازدواج در مناطق پایین‌‌ شهر از مناطق بالای شهر کمتر بوده است (اختلاف حدود 7 سال و sig =.000). در زمینۀ الگوی ارتباط قبل از ازدواج، تفاوت چشمگیری میان این دو منطقه وجود نداشت (sig =.206). الگوی ازدواج خویشاوندی (sig =.023) و انطباق قومیتی زوجین نیز در مناطق پایین ‌شهر بیشتر بوده است (sig =.000). معیارهای اقتصادی ازدواج در مناطق بالای شهر اهمیت بیشتری داشته است (sig =.000). الگوی سنی و معیارهای ازدواج برحسب قومیت، تفاوت معنادار داشت (sig =.000). با توجه به این نتایج می‌‌توان گفت جدایی‌گزینی‌های فضایی تنها در برخی موارد با جدایی‌گزینی‌های اجتماعی همپوشانی دارند.

Spatial Segregation or Social Segregation? A Comparative Study of Marriage Patterns of Women in the High and Low-Class Regions of Hamadan Province

Introduction:Spatial segregation of social classes is often accompanied by social segregation. This means that patterns of social behavior also change in proportion to class spatial segregation. Accordingly, people from different classes living in separate areas are expected to have different patterns of behavior. The main purpose of the present study is to compare the marriage patterns of women in the high and lowclass regions of Hamadan province. Marriage patterns include age patterns, dating patterns, the prevalence of consanguineous marriages, intraethnic marriages, and differences in the marriage criteria.  Materials and Methods:The research method was survey and a researchermade questionnaire was used to collect the  data. The statistical population of the study included married women living in high and lowclass regions of Hamadan province. According to the latest population and housing census, their number is 198124 cases. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran’s formula and equaled 325 people. The sampling method in this study was stratified sampling.The reliability of the questions related to marriage criteria by removing three inconsistent variables was equal to 0.711. The face validity of this research was based on expert judgement (two students of social research and sociology and two professors of sociology).Based on some theoretical viewpoints such as Bourdieu’s theory of distinction, Gidden’s theory, and relational theories of space, a theoretical model was created and some variables were identified. The formulated hypotheses of the study were:The age pattern of marriage is different for women in the high and lowclass parts of Hamadan province.The way of acquaintance in the marriage of women is different.The pattern of kinship marriage is different among women in the high and lowclass parts of Hamadan province.The pattern of ethnic marriage is different among women in the high and lowclass parts of Hamadan province.The importance of marriage criteria is different for women in the high and lowclass parts of Hamadan province.The age pattern of the marriage of married women in the high and lowclass parts of Hamadan province is related to their ethnicity.The standards of marriage for married women in the high and lowclass parts of Hamadan province are related to their ethnicity. Discussion of Results and Conclusions:According to the data obtained, the highest percentage of marriage age belonged to the age group of 16 to 25 years. The average age of marriage was 1820 years in the lowclass regions of the city and 25.5 years in the highclass regions. The results of the ttest showed that there was a significant difference between the mean age of marriage between members of the high and lowclass parts of the city. Statistical data showed that there was no statistically significant difference between high and low women in Hamadan province in terms of family relationship with the husband. The chisquare test was used to examine the relationship between couples’ ethnic compatibility and residential areas. The test result was significant. This difference was large in the lowclass parts of the city and the proportion of adaptation to ethnic nonconformity was 75 to 25 percent. Women living in the lowclass parts of the city assigned more importance to the appearance criteria in marriage than women in the highclass parts. However, regarding the economic criteria, the people of highclass parts of the city assigned more importance to this issue. This showed that the economic view of the issue of marriage was more prevalent among women in this region. Accordingly, spatial and class differences were symmetrical. In other words, the highclasses paid more attention to economic criteria while the lowclasses paid more attention to the appearance criteria in marriage.The findings of this study showed that some social dimensions of marriage were affected by the place where the person was economically and socially different from others. For example, the age of marriage in the lowclass parts of the city was less than the high ones. This showed that there was a difference in attitude in the views of the high and lowclass peoples of Hamadan province in terms of the suitable marriage time. The premarital relationship was not different between these two regions with different class structures and seemed to follow a similar and general pattern, not dependent on the region. The premarital relationship was possibly influenced by the currents of modernity and globalization and the like. People living in the lowclass parts of the city were more in line with the couples’ patterns of kinship and ethnicity.