تاثیر سویه‌های برتر باسیلوس و استافیلوکوکوس جداسازی شده از دیم‌زارها بر شاخص‌های کمی و کیفی گندم در شرایط تنش

استفاده از پتانسیل باکتری های محرک رشد گیاه (pgpr) در جهت کاهش اثرات تنش های کم‌آبی، شوری و کمک به تغذیه بهینه عناصر غذایی (بخصوص فسفر)، راهکاری علمی و سازگار با محیط زیست در جهت افزایش تولید گندم در کشور می باشد. پژوهش حاضر به صورت گلخانه ای با هدف بررسی تاثیر سویه های bacillus pumilus w72، b. safensis w73وstaphylococcus succinus r12n2  بر تعدادی از صفات کمی و کیفی گندم به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل (سه فاکتوره شامل: 2 سطح رطوبتی، 6 سطح کود فسفره و 4 سطح جدایه باکتری) و در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار طراحی و اجرا شد. نتایج نشان داد که سطح رطوبتی 80 درصد نسبت به 55 درصد ظرفیت زراعی (fc) باعث افزایش ارتفاع، وزن خشک، نسبت ریشه به اندام هوایی، تعداد خوشه بارور، تعداد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، و غلظت فسفر ریشه، اندام هوایی و دانه شد. همچنین کود سوپر فسفات تریپل در هر سطحی نسبت به شاهد باعث بهبود اغلب صفات اندازه گیری شده گردید؛ ولی تیمار خاک فسفات به تنهایی (بدون تیمار باکتری) فاقد چنین اثری بود. خاک فسفات همراه با تیمار s. succinus r12n2 در هر دو سطح رطوبتی 55 و 80 درصد fc، و نیز b. pumilus w72وb. safensis w73 تنها در سطح رطوبتی80 درصد fc، نسبت به شاهد باعث افزایش غلظت فسفر ریشه، اندام هوایی و دانه شد. در کل برای کشت گندم در شرایط غیر تنش و تنش کم آبی، استفاده از تیمار باکتری s. succinus r12n2 مناسب به نظر می رسد؛ و بررسی کارآیی این سویه در شرایط طبیعی (دیم زارهای گندم) توصیه می شود.

Effect of Super Strains of Bacillus and Staphylococcus Isolated from Dryland Farming on Quantitative and Qualitative Indices of Wheat under Stress Condition

Introduction: Stresses of drought, salinity and deficiency of nutrients especially phosphorus (P) are the most important challenges for wheat production in Iran. One of the ways to achieve more wheat yield production is increasing of this plants tolerance to stresses of waterdeficit, salinity and deficiency of essential elements such as P; and/or alleviate destructive effects of these stresses. In this respect, use of PGPR can be useful. Research has shown that PGPR with multiple mechanisms reduces the negative effects of waterdeficit and salinity stresses, and also increases the resistance of plants to these stresses, which ultimately leads to increase of plants growth. This study was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of three superior PGPR on qualitative and quantitative indices of wheat under waterdeficit stress in saline soil. Materials and Methods: The soil used in this experiment was collected from longitude of 49° 26’ 25’’ E, latitude of 35° 52’ 26’’ N and elevation of 1534 m (located in the Qazvin province of Iran) from depth of 030 cm of soil. According to the experimental design, 3.5 kg of soil with applying Pfertilizers treatments was filled to the pots. The factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this study. The treatments were replicated three times. The first factor: soil water content at two levels including 80% and 55% FC (W80 and W55); the second factor: Bacterial inoculants at four levels including control or noninoculated seeds with bacterium (B0), inoculated seeds with Bacillus pumilus strain W72 (B1), inoculated seeds with B. safensis strain W73 (B2), inoculated seeds with Staphylococcus succinus strain R12N2 (B3); and the third factor: Pfertilizers at six levels including control or nontreated plants with Pfertilizers (F0), and plants treated with (rock phosphate) RP (F1), RP + 19 mg triple superphosphate (TSP) / kg of soil (F2), RP + 38 mg TSP / kg of soil (F3), RP + 57 mg TSP / kg of soil (F4), with 57 mg TSP / kg of soil (F5), generally there were 144 experimental units (pots). Also, 192 mg RP (containing 13.8% P2O5 or 6.13% P) was mixed per kg of soil in each of RP treatments. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software and comparison of means was evaluated by using the Tukey’s test (HSD) at p < 0.05 level. There were 5 plants in each pot and irrigated up to 80% FC with distilled water. With the beginning of stem elongation stage, waterdeficit stress was applied and continued until the harvest. During the experiment, pots were kept in greenhouse at 25/20±2°C day/night temperatures and 16 h photoperiod with 23,000 lux light intensity. At the end of the experiment, plants height, fertile clusters, root dry weight /shoot dry weight ratio, total dry weight of plant, grain number, thousand grain weight, also, root, shoot and grain Pconcentration were measured. Results and Discussion: Generally, it can be said that the moisture level of W80 compared to W55 increased all of measured traits in wheat plant. Due to the unique properties of water and its role in biological and nonbiological reactions, by reducing soil water content to near of the permanent wilting point (W55), water absorption by the plant hardly occurs. Therefore, the plant needs to consume more energy for water absorption or grow with less water than normal status, which these factors disturb the metabolism of cells and eventually decreases natural activity and growth of plant. Also, it seems that under water stress condition, wheat plant by formation of “Rhizosheaths” around of their own roots, enters to the defensive phase and by this strategy prevents expansion of their own rhizosphere. With attention to the special importance of the rhizosphere in the supply of water, nutrients and activity of microorganisms, as well as the effect of microorganisms secretion and root exudates on the solubility and availability of nutrients. Thus, it is reasonable that qualitative and quantitative traits of plants decrease by reduction of the rhizosphere diameter due to the waterdeficit stress. There was no significant difference between application of rock phosphate and control (F0) for most of measured traits of soil and plant; but, application of RP with bacterial treatments (B1 and B2 at W80 and B3 at both level of W55 and W80) compared to the control, often increased measured traits. Also, each level of TSP compared to the control, often increased this trait. Research indicates that RP can be used as a Pfertilizer, but its efficiency depends on its reactivity in the soil. There is ample evidence that RP has not enough efficiency in neutral and alkaline soils; but, it can be used as the Pfertilizer with proper efficiency in acidic soils or alkaline soil with application of PGPR. Often, all of three bacterial treatments (B1, B2 and B3) at level of W80 and B3 treatment at level of W55, compared to control (without bacterial inoculation) improved qualitative and quantitative traits of plant. Research also shows that under stressful and nonstressful conditions, PGPR can improve plant growth by different strategies. However, this microorganism does not always improve plant growth under all conditions. It seems to be due to differences in genetic and function of bacteria and with conditions change, each bacterium may behave differently. Conclusions In general, for wheat cultivation that may get exposed to moisture stress at one or more stages of its growth (such as dryfarming of wheat), the use of B3 bacterial inoculant (Staphylococcus succinus strain R12N2) seems appropriate for crop management. Because in this study at both W80 (nonwaterdeficit stress) and W55 (severe waterdeficit stress) levels of soil water content, B3 treatment increased qualitative and quantitative of wheat traits. In other words, because of the natural conditions of the dryland farming, the probability of precipitation is different; it seems that B3 treatment can increase wheat production under these conditions. However, the use of this bacterium as a biofertilizer for dryland wheat farming in Iran or other place of the world requires further testing and evaluation in dryland farms of that countries.