ارزیابی اثر کاربری جنگل و مرتع بر فرسایش بین شیاری و برخی ویژگی های فیزیکی خاک در جنوب شرقی ایران

فرسایش بین شیاری یکی از انواع مهم فرسایش است که سهم عمده ای در انتقال ذرات ریز خاک به ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک دارد. به همین منظور هدف از انجام این مطالعه تعیین حساسیت خاک چهار نوع کاربری اراضی مختلف اطراف شهرستان جیرفت به فرسایش بین شیاری هم به وسیله شبیه سازی باران و هم از طریق تعیین تعدادی از شاخص های پایداری خاکدانه بود. کاربری های مورد بررسی شامل مرتع دست خورده، مرتع دست‌نخورده، جنگل حفاظت شده، و جنگل مصنوعی بود. برای انجام این کار متناسب با میانگین بلندمدت منطقه بارانی با شدت 60 میلی متر بر ساعت توسط دستگاه شبیه ساز باران بر روی خاک ایجاد و فرسایش بین شیاری اندازه گیری شد. سپس شاخص های پایداری خاکدانه و برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک اندازه گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار ماده آلی، رس و مقاومت کششی، و کمترین مقادیر جرم مخصوص ظاهری، درصد شن و بعد فراکتال در مرتع دست نخورده (پوشش غالب درمنه، گون، یال اسبی و گیس پیرزن) وجود داشت. توزیع اندازه ذرات رسوب در مرتع دست‌نخورده کوچکتر و در جنگل حفاظت شده بزرگتر بود. هم چنین بیشترین غلظت رسوب و بیشترین مقدار فرسایش در مرتع دست خورده وجود داشت. کمترین غلظت رسوب در جنگل مصنوعی و کمترین مقدار فرسایش در جنگل مصنوعی و جنگل حفاظت شده دیده شد. به طور کلی نتایج نشان می دهد که رخداد فرسایش بی شیاری در برخی کاربری ها به ویژگی های ذاتی خاک مانند بافت خاک و در برخی دیگر به شیب زمین بستگی دارد. از طرف دیگر مقایسه مقدار فرسایش و غلظت رسوب نشان می دهد که این دو ویژگی در کاربری های مورد مطالعه با هم مطابقت دارند. به این معنی که می توان غلظت رسوب را به عنوان شاخص مقدار فرسایش در نظر گرفت. در مجموع بهترین روش در جهت کاهش فرسایش بین شیاری در منطقه را می توان انجام اقدامات مدیریتی از قبیل حفظ و احیای پوشش گیاهی دانست که هم ساختمان خاک را بهبود بخشیده و هم فرسایش پذیری آن را کاهش دهد.

Effect of Forest and Pasture Land Uses on Interrill Erosion and Some of Soil Physical Properties in Southeastern Iran

Introduction: Interrill erosion is one of the major types of erosion playing key role in the transport of fine particles of the soil, particularly in arid and semiarid regions, which leads to the decrement of soil fertility and surface water pollution. Landuse change is one of the main ways which reflect the interaction of human activities and the natural environment and can impact soil aggregation, aggregate stability, and erodibility. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of soils under different landuse types (four types) to interrill erosion using both rainfall simulation test and soil aggregate stability indexes. The location of study area was around Jiroft city.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in four types of land use around Jiroft city in southern Iran, including disturbed pasture, undisturbed pasture, protected forests, and artificial forest. For each land use, 25 points were selected (A total of 100 points for all land uses). To measure soil physical and chemical properties, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from each point at a depth of 0–20 cm. The samples were transported to the laboratory where these samples were then airdried. Some soil properties such as texture, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, soil acidity, calcium carbonate equivalent, and bulk density were measured, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil and sediment samples were also determined. Furthermore, some characteristics of soil particles, including the geometric mean diameter, geometric standard deviation, particulate organic matter, waterdispersible clay, tensile strength of soil aggregate, mean weight diameter and fractal dimension of aggregates were determined. To assess how susceptible are soils to interrill erosion, rainfall simulator was used to generate rainfall with an average intensity of 60 mm/h.Results and Discussion: According to the results, the undisturbed pasture revealed the highest content of organic matter, particulate organic matter, clay, and tensile strength, while the minimum values of bulk density, sand percentage, and fractal dimension have been observed in this land use. For this reason, it is assumed that the aggregates of undisturbed pasture (intact rangeland) show more stability than other three land uses. The maximum and minimum values of bulk densities were observed in the protected forest (1.58 g cm3) and undisturbed pasture (1.43 g cm3), respectively. On the other hand, the highest value of aggregates fractal dimension, as well as minimum values for mean weight diameter and dispersible clay in the protected forest demonstrated that this land use had either no aggregate or its aggregates were very fine. As a matter of fact, lack of organic matter and insufficient clay content can be considered to be the reasons for poor aggregate stability in this land use. The highest and lowest values for tensile strength of soil aggregate were found in the undisturbed rangeland (64.82 kPa) and protected forest (34.38 kPa), respectively. The variations in the tensile strength of soil aggregate can be attributed to the changes in the contents of clay and organic matter in different land uses. Moreover, despite the maximum amount of total organic matter in the undisturbed pasture (or intact rangeland), the amount of sediment organic matter in this land use was lower than the other three land uses. It is because of the fact that most of the OM in this area was of a stable organic matter type, which was under the soil surface and was accordingly protected from surface erosion. The particle size distribution of sediment was smaller in the undisturbed pasture, whereas it was found to be larger in the protected forest. The reason can be attributed to the coarsetextured soil in the forest compared to the finertextured soil in the undisturbed pasture (or intact rangeland). In addition, the highest sediment concentration and the highest rate of erosion were observed in the disturbed pasture. The artificial forest accounted for the minimum sediment concentration, while the artificial forest, as well as the protected forest, revealed the lowest erosion rate.Conclusion: The results of the current research demonstrated the high rate of interrill erosion in all land uses so that the disturbed pasture and artificial forest accounted for the highest and the lowest rate of erosion (7 and 2 ton/ha) respectively. According the results, intrinsic soil characteristics such as soil texture played major role in some land uses, while for the others, the slope impact was more crucial. On the other hand, both erosion rate and sediment concentration revealed the same trend under four different land uses of the study area. Therefore, because of the fact that the highest and the lowest rate of erosion, as well as sediment concentration, were found to be in the disturbed pasture, and the artificial forest, respectively, therefore the sediment concentration can be considered to be an important index for soil erosion. Due to high rates of erosion occurring in the study areas, some measures have to be undertaken to prevent and control soil erosion in this area. To achieve this aim, preventing people from entering the vulnerable area, avoiding livestock grazing, protecting existing plants and restoration of native plants can be mentioned as efficient measures to improve conditions.