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   شبیه سازی مساحت خیس شده پیاز رطوبتی در سیستم آبیاری قطره ای پالسی  
   
نویسنده کریمی بختیار ,کریمی نظیر
منبع آب و خاك - 1399 - دوره : 34 - شماره : 2 - صفحه:349 -364
چکیده    از پارامترهای مهم در طراحی سیستم های آبیاری قطره ای سطحی و زیر سطحی در نظر گرفتن الگوی سطح خیس شده بالای و پایین قطره‌چکان می باشد. در این تحقیق از یک مدل فیزیکی شفاف (مکعب مستطیل) از جنس پلی کربنات به ابعاد 0.5×1×3 استفاده شد و آزمایشات بر روی سه نوع بافت خاک (سبک، متوسط و سنگین)، با سه نوع دبی قطره چکان (2، 4 و 6 لیتر در ساعت)، در سه عمق مختلف نصب قطره چکان (صفر، 15 و 30 سانتی متری) به انجام رسید. همچنین این آزمایشات برای دو نوع سیستم آبیاری پیوسته و پالسی صورت گرفت که در آبیاری پالسی، زمان قطع و وصل پالس ها مقادیر 3030، 2040 و 4020 دقیقه در نظر گرفته شد که عدد اول بیانگر زمان آبیاری و عدد دوم زمان استراحت سیستم در هر چرخه خواهد بود. سپس با استفاده از آنالیز رگرسیون غیرخطی و در نظر گرفتن متغیرهای زمان آبیاری، دبی قطره چکان، هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع، درصد شن و سیلت و رس، چگالی ظاهری خاک، رطوبت اولیه خاک، عمق نصب قطره چکان و همچنین نسبت پالس (نسبت زمان آبیاری در هر چرخه به زمان کل یک چرخه) روابطی برای تخمین سطح خیس شده جبهه رطوبتی ارائه گردید. نتایج مقایسه بین مقادیر اندازه گیری و شبیه سازی شده نشان داد که مدل رگرسیون غیر خطی با دقت بالایی سطح خیس شده جبهه رطوبتی را برآورد می کند. در نظر گرفتن این روابط در طراحی سامانه های آبیاری قطره ای سطحی و زیر سطحی می تواند باعث بهبود عملکرد این سیستم ها شود.
کلیدواژه آبیاری قطره ای، پیاز رطوبتی، شبیه سازی، مساحت خیس شده، مدیریت آبیاری
آدرس دانشگاه کردستان, دانشکده کشاورزی, گروه علوم و مهندسی آب, ایران, دانشگاه کردستان, دانشکده کشاورزی, گروه علوم و مهندسی آب, ایران
 
   Simulation of Wetted Area of Moisture Bulb in Pulsed Drip Irrigation  
   
Authors Karimi Nazir
Abstract    Introduction: Among irrigation methods, a drip irrigation system (surface and subsurface) is more acceptable in arid and semiarid regions due to high water use efficiency and potential crop yield. Pulse drip irrigation (with suitable management practices) is one of the drip irrigation methods (includes a set of cycles, each cycle consisting of the irrigation phase and a resting phase) that have high potential to improve the uniformity of soil moisture distribution. Suitable design and management of pulse or/and continuous drip irrigation systems substantially require a proper understanding of the moisture distribution pattern around the emitter. One of the critical parameters concerning the moisture distribution pattern, taking into account the wetted area of emitter. Important parameters of the wetted area include the down wetted area (Ad) for the surface and subsurface drip irrigation system as well as the up wetted area of an emitter (Aup) for the subsurface drip irrigation. Modeling the wetted area pattern and considering this parameter in design as one of the criteria for increasing water efficiency in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems is critical and important.Materials and Methods: In this research, experiments were carried out in a transparent rectangular cube with dimensions of (3 * 1 * 0.5 m) using three different soil textures (fine, heavy, and medium). The drippers were installed at three different soil depths (surface, 15cm, and 30cm). The emitter discharge was considered 2.4, 4, and 6 lit/hr. Also, these experiments were carried out for two continuous and pulse irrigation systems. In pulse irrigation, the pulse cycles were considered 3030, 2040, and 4020 min. The first number refers to the irrigation time, and the second number refers to the resting time of the system in each cycle. In this research, using a nonlinear regression model, empirical models were developed to predict the wetted area of the moisture front. The input parameters of the suggested model include emitter discharge, saturated hydraulic conductivity, application time, soil bulk density, emitter installation depth, initial soil moisture content, pulse ratio (the ratio of irrigation time to complete period of each cycle) and the proportions of sand, silt and clay in the soil.Results and Discussion: The results of this study show that the highest and the lowest down wetted area (for surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems) are related to sandy and clay soils, respectively. Also, the highest up wetted area in the subsurface irrigation system is related to loamy and clay soils. The results of the comparison between measured and simulated values of down and up wetted area indicated that these models have acceptable precision and accuracy in estimating the wetted area of the wetting front in surface and subsurface drip irrigation (with pulsed and continuous application). The comparison between the measured and simulated down wetted area of the emitter (for surface drip irrigation with pulsed application) showed that the R2, MAE and RMSE values varied between 0.980.99, 0.00270.0065 m2 and 0.00340.0082 m2, respectively. Concerning statistical values, it is evident that these models have excellent performance in estimation of down and up wetted area for subsurface drip irrigation. For subsurface drip irrigation with the pulsed application, the values of R2, MAE and RMSE for the down wetted area of emitter, ranged 0.910.99, 0.0020.0077 and 0.00320.0098, respectively. These models also estimate up wetted areas with less error, and the values of R2, MAE, and RMSE for all treatments varied between 0.890.99, 0.00150.0067 m2, and 0.00190.0077 m2, respectively.Conclusion: This paper was aimed at presenting relationships for estimating the up and down wetted area of emitter for surface and subsurface drip irrigation (with pulsed and continuous application). Regarding the importance and applicability of empirical models, in this research, nonlinear regression models (NLR, which are more widely used among researchers) were applied. For NLR method, different ten input variables (i.e., emitter discharge, saturated hydraulic conductivity, application time, soil bulk density, emitter installation depth, initial soil moisture content, pulse ratio (the ratio of irrigation time to complete period of each cycle) and the percentage of sand, silt and clay) were considered. The results of this study indicate that the NLR model can estimate the up and down wetted area, and the statistical indices values are within acceptable ranges. Considering these relations in designing surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems can improve the performance of these systems.
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