مقایسه روش‎های ارزیابی پایداری خاکدانه به‎عنوان یکی از شاخص‎های کیفیت فیزیکی خاک

پایداری خاکدانه، توانایی خاک در نگهداری و حفظ ترتیب فاز جامد و فضای خلل و فرج بعد از اعمال تنش‎های مکانیکی است. گرچه تاکنون یک روش رضایت‎بخش جامع برای تعیین کیفیت فیزیکی خاک ارائه نشده است ولی پایداری خاکدانه می‎تواند به‎عنوان یکی از مهم‎ترین شاخص‎های کیفیت فیزیکی خاک قلمداد شود. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی روش‎های مناسب و استاندارد تعیین پایداری خاکدانه است که قادر به تشخیص شرایط کیفی فیزیکی خاک‎های دارای بافت متوسط در هر دو منطقه خشک و مرطوب باشد. تعداد 120 نمونه خاک که شصت نمونه مربوط به منطقه مرطوب گیلان و شصت نمونه دیگر از استان فارس با اقلیم خشک انتخاب شدند. هر 10 نمونه خاک با بافت مشابه مخلوط شده و در نهایت یک نمونه خاک تعیین شد. بعد از هوا خشک‎شدن و الک‎کردن نمونه‎ها، تعیین بافت به‎روش پیپت و کربن‎آلی خاک به‎روش اکسیداسیون انجام گرفت. همچنین نمونه‎های دست‎نخورده با استفاده از استوانه‎های فلزی جهت تعیین ضریب آبگذری اشباع، منحنی رطوبتی و جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک برداشته شد. تعیین هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع به‎روش بار ثابت صورت گرفت. برای اندازه‎گیری پایداری خاکدانه، از روش‎های کمپر رزنا، لابیزسونایس، و دی‎لینهیر-دی‎بودت استفاده شد. براساس نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق، مقادیر میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه‎ها در روش‎های کمپر–رزنا و لابیزسونایس برای مطالعه پایداری ساختمان در هر دو اقلیم مناسب هستند. اگر یک روش بررسی سریع و ساده از وضعیت ساختمان خاک مورد نیاز باشد، تست‎های ساده مثل کمپررزنا با اشباع سریع و همچنین لابیزسونایس در حالت مرطوب شدن سریع می‎توانند مورد استفاده واقع شوند.

Comparing Aggregate Stability Tests as One of the Soil Physical Quality Indicators

Introduction: Soil aggregates refers to groups of soil particles which attach to each other stronger than neighbour particles. Aggregate stability shows the capability and strength of soil aggregates to tolerate breakup when disruptive stresses and destructive forces via mechanical agricultural operation such as tillage and water or wind erosion are applied. Wet aggregate stability shows how well a soil can withstand raindrop impact and water erosion, while size distribution of dry aggregates can be used to predict resistance to abrasion and wind erosion. Aggregate stability changes can act as the first indicators of recovery or degradation of soils. Aggregate stability is an indicator of organic matter content, biological activity, and nutrient cycling in soil. Generally, in small aggregates ( < 0.25 mm), the particles are bound by older and more stable forms of organic matter. Microbial decomposition of fresh organic matter releases products (that are less stable) that bind small aggregates into large aggregates ( > 25 mm).  Although, there is not a unique acceptable methodology that serves and applies the entire world up to now, aggregate stability has been introduced as a soil physical quality indicator. Difficulties remain when comparison of aggregate stability from different methodologies are done. The objective of the present study was to assess appropriate and satisfactory aggregate stability tests that enable to distinguish the soil physical quality condition of both arid and moist medium textured soils.;Materials and Methods: A total of 120 soil samples which contained 60 wetland samples from Guilan province with a very humid climate, average annual rainfall of 1285 mm, and average annual temperature of 16°C, and 60 samples from Fars province with dry climate, average rainfall of 225 mm, and the average annual temperature of 27°C were provided. Soil sampling was performed from surface layer (020 cm). Each 10 soil samples with similar texture were mixed and one soil sample for each texture was finally obtained. After air drying and sieving, soil texture and organic carbon were determined by pipette and oxidation methods, respectively. Also, undisturbed samples were taken using metal cylinders from surface layer of 515 cm for determination of soil saturation coefficient, soil moisture curve, and soil bulk density. Also, in order to determine the aggregate stability, Kemper and Rosenau, de Leenheer and de Boodt, as well as Le Bissonnais were used.;Results and Discussion: Among different tested methods, wet sieving using the well known fast wetting methods of Kemper & Rosenau and of Le Bissonnais presented similar results in both climates. The mean weight diameter value of both methods for assessing aggregate stability can be considered as a dependable indicator of soil structure status for comparing soils. These aggregate stability tests were in correspondence with only one out of the eight soil physical quality indicators when the entire soils were used. It was concluded that the aggregate stability should be used judiciously and in accordance with other indicators for an overall assessing of the soil physical quality condition. The great differences in the estimation of aggregate stability between KRSW and LB2 with other methods confirm that aggregate stability increases with increasing soil moisture content. This involves reducing the amount of air condensed, which results in the reduction of compressive forces on the aggregates during rapid wetting. But the lack of similarity between the KRSW and LB2 methods in terms of MWD suggests that the results of these two methods are not comparable to dry and wet soils. The difference in aggregate size distribution from all three treatments of LB method was higher in dry areas than wet areas. Only dry soils based on LB (LB1 and LB3 treatments based on MWD) (P <0.05) are comparable. In dry soils, the LB3 method is very efficient. This method involves the use of ethanol that protects the aggregate structure against dryness stresses. The lack of similarity between the MWD and other soil quality indicators describes the complexity of the soil structure, which is dependent on the location. It seems that SOC can be considered as an indicator with high correlation with the aggregate sustainability index of LB and KRFW methods, at least in the studied mediumtextured soils.;Conclusion: Since only a soil quality index (SOC) had a similar trend to the sustainability index derived from these two methods (LB1 and KRFW), it can be concluded that aggregate stability should be judged and recognized correctly, along with other used soil physical indicators for a general assessment of the conditions. In case of arid land soils, efficiency of prewetted methods of Kemper and Rosenau and of Le Bissonnais as well as prewetted Le Bissonnais with mechanical slaking and shaking were similar. If a simple and rapid analysis of the structure status is needed, single tests such as fast wetted Kemper and Rosenau and Le Bissonnais can be used.