بررسی نسبت امرِ الوهی و شخص‌وارگی

نسبت «شخص‌وارگی» و «امرِ الوهی»، همواره، از مسائل مهم الهیات و فلسفۀ دین بوده و سبب شکل‌‌گیریِ دوگانۀ «شخص‌‌وارگی» و «ناشخص‌‌وارگیِ» امرِ الوهی شده است. «شخص‌وارگی» به معنای داشتن اوصافی مانندِ علم، قدرت، اراده و خیر است که در انسان نیز، به صورت محدود، دیده می‌شود. «تئیزم» با نسبت دادن چنین اوصافی به امرِ الوهی، مهم‌ترین مدافع شخص‌وارگی است. در مقابل، «پنتئیزم» چنین استدلال می‌کند که الف) شخص، مساوی انسان است؛ ب) جسمانیت، مشخصۀ بارز انسان است؛ ج) در نتیجه، داشتن صفاتی مانند علم و اراده مستلزمِ جسمانیت و مساوی انسان‌وارگی است. بنابراین، امرِ الوهیِ پنتئیستی از داشتن این اوصاف مبرّاست. چیستی نسبت میان الوهیت و شخص‌وارگی، پرسش اصلی مقالۀ حاضر است. نسبت جسمانیت با شخص‌وارگی و نسبت کمال با امرِ الوهیِ ناشخص‌وار، سوالات فرعی پژوهش را تشکیل می‌دهند و بر آنیم تا نشان دهیم که شخص‌وارگی لازمۀ «الوهیت» است. این مسیر با بررسی مولفه‌های الوهیت، یعنی تعالی، تاثیرگذاری و عدم‌تناهی، و بیان دیدگاه‌های معارض پی‌گیری می‌شود. در پایان، روشن می‌شود که بر خلاف ادعای منتقدان «جسمانیت»، لازمۀ شخص‌وارگی نیست و همچنین انکار شخص‌وارگی امرِ الوهی و در عین‌حال، پذیرش مولفه‌های کمال مانند «آگاهی»، در گفتار قائلان به ناشخص‌وارگی تناقض آمیز و نامنسجم است.

A Study of the Relationship between Deity and Personality

All popular concepts of deity (Theism, Pantheism, and Panentheism) believe in divinity. In Theism, “God” has attributes such as consciousness, will, goodness, and so forth, which can be seen in humans. On the contrary, pantheists argue that: a) the person is equal to the human being; b) embodiment is a prominent feature of the human being; c) having attributes such as consciousness, will, and so forth, requires a body and equates to anthropomorphism. In other words, these attributes are inevitably associated with embodiment and the resulting limitations. Thereby, the pantheistic deity is impersonal. There is a duality of the “personality” and “impersonality” of the deity. The crucial question of this article is, “what is the relationship between divinity and personality?” The relationship of embodiment to personality and the relationship of perfection to the impersonal deity, constitute the subquestions of it. We show that there is a significant relationship between personality and divinity. In the first section, the term divinity is examined; firstly, it is assumed that, contrary to pantheism, divinity is definable. Otto’s attempting to trace the origins of the “holy” and the historical studying of pantheistic approaches confirms this assumption. Secondly, “Infinity, ” “influence, ” and “transcendence” are three critical terms in defining divinity. Pantheistic argument showed that all critiques of personality are summed up in the fact that personality is a limiting factor. That is, it is inconceivable that the transcendent, infinite, and influential deity can be a person. Therefore, in the second part, the concept of person is examined, and we conclude that: 1) there is a relation between the practical terms in person’s meaning and the terms of divinity; 2) Although the main critique of the deity’s personality is the embodiment, it is not a crucial term in defining the person. That is why Michael Levin is in contradiction when he believes that divine unity doesn’t need to be a person or conscious, it is sufficient to be perfect. The question arises as to what perfection means without consciousness, power, and will? Isn’t a human being more complete due to the pantheistic divine unity? Accordingly, an analysis of perfection without addressing personal attributes puts pantheists in an apparent contradiction. Besides, impersonality faces a severe dilemma; if they do not take the personal attributes, according to Kant, the deity is reduced to an object. Instead, there could be some responses to anthropomorphism; firstly, the basis of the Pantheistic mistake is to generalize the meaning of finite consciousness or will to an infinite being, whereas temporality is an attribute of the deity’s knowledge or will’s objects, not of the deity’s knowledge and will. Secondly, the study shows where personality is interpreted to anthropomorphism, it focuses on the late idea in Christian thought about Jesus, while the history of attributing the deity to consciousness, will, and so forth, is much older. Finally, it is indicated that the critiques of the personality are not strong enough to challenge it. So, according to the “Principle of Simplicity”, believers in the personality of the deity have a more justified view.