تاثیر استفاده از راهبردهای شناختی بر بهبود حافظه کاری دانش آموزان

ﺣﺎﻓﻈﮥ ﮐﺎری ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﯽ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﺮای اﻧﺪوزش و دﺳﺖﮐﺎری ﻣﻮﻗﺘﯽ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه‌ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮی، اﺳﺘﺪﻻل، ادراک و ﺗﻔﮑﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺣﺎﻓﻈﮥ ﮐﺎری ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮد. ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎی ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ و ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺣﺎﻓﻈﮥ ﮐﺎری در داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان دوره‌ اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ ﺑﻮد. روش ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﯿﻤﻪآزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ از ﻧﻮع ﭘﯿﺶآزﻣﻮن-ﭘﺲآزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻮد. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎری ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﭘﺴﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺷﺸﻢ اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﯿﺮاز در ﺳﺎل ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ 1398-1397 ﺑﻮد. ﺷﺮﮐﺖﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 24 داﻧﺶآﻣﻮز (12 ﻧﻔﺮ ﮔﺮوه آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ، 12 ﻧﻔﺮ ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل) ﭘﺴﺮ ﮐﻼس ﺷﺸﻢ اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ ﺷﯿﺮاز در ﺳﺎل ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ 1398-1397 ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداری ﺧﻮﺷﻪای ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪای اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در دو ﮔﺮوه آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮای ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﮥ ﮐﺎری از ﺧﺮدهآزﻣﻮن ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ ﻋﺪد-ﺣﺮف آزﻣﻮن وﮐﺴﻠﺮ ﻧﺴﺨﮥ ﭼﻬﺎرم اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. اﺑﺘﺪا ﭘﯿﺶآزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮای دو ﮔﺮوه اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ، ﺳﭙﺲ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ و ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوه آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ آﻣﻮزش داده ﺷﺪ و در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﭘﺲآزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮای دو ﮔﺮوه اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎی آﻣﺎر ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻮوارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺣﺎﻓﻈﮥ ﮐﺎری داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﮔﺮوه آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺿﺮﯾﺐ اﺗﺎ 0/77 ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن از آن دارد 77 درﺻﺪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ آﻣﻮزش اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺗﺒﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻮوارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ آﻣﻮزش راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ و ﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺣﺎﻓﻈﮥ ﮐﺎری داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ دارد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎی ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ و ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﮐﺎری ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

impact of using cognitive strategies on working memory improvement of students

introduction: working memory is an active system for maintaining and manipulating information temporarily to accomplish complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, perception, and thinking. therefore, improving the memory performance can lead to better performance of these assignments.purpose: the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of using the cognitive strategies including organization and elaboration on working memory improvement in elementary school students.methods: in this research, a experimental design, a pretest, posttest with experimental and control group were used. participants included 24 students (12 experimental group, 12 control group), sixth grade elementary boys school from shiraz who were selected by multistage cluster sampling and assigned into two groups randomly. for working memory evaluation, letternumber sequencing subtest of the fourthedition of wechsler complementary scale was used. at first, a pretest was conducted for the two groups, then the organization and elaboration strategies were taught to the experimental group, and finally the posttest were run on the two groups. data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods and ancova tests.results: the findings showed that there is a significant difference between the performance of the students’ working memory in the experimental and control groups. also, the eta coefficient is 0.77, which indicates that 77% of the variance of memory is explained through training.conclusion: the research finding showed that training organization and elaboration strategies has improved the performance of students’ working memory.