تاثیر پوشش خوراکی بر پایه کیتوزان و پروتئین آب پنیر حاوی نانوکامپوزیت‌های زیستی و اسانس آویشن شیرازی بر ماندگاری پنیر فتای فراپالایش

در طی سال‌های اخیر تمایل به استفاده از فیلم‌ها و پوشش‌های خوراکی ضدمیکروبی افزایش یافته است، که این امر باعث افزایش کیفیت، ایمنی و زمان ماندگاری مواد غذایی گردیده است. در این پژوهش از پوشش ایزوله پروتئین آب پنیر و کیتوزان به نسبت70 :30، حاوی نانوکامپوزیت‌های زیستی دی اکسید تیتانیوم (tio2، 1 و 2%) و اسانس آویشن شیرازی (1%) جهت افزایش ماندگاری پنیر فتای فراپالایش استفاده شد. نمونه‌های پنیر تحت آزمون‌های مختلف میکروبی، فیزیکو شیمیایی و حسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که نانوذرات  tio2 و اسانس آویشن شیرازی موجب کاهش قابل توجه شمارش کلی باکتری‌ها، اسید لاکتیک باکتری‌ها و کلی‌فرم‌ها با افزایش دوره نگهداری شدند. همچنین تعداد کپک و مخمر در نمونه شاهد نسبت به سایر تیمارها با گذشت زمان افزایش یافت. در حالی‌که تیمارهای حاوی اسانس در طی ذخیره‌سازی فاقد کپک و مخمر بودند. ارزیابی فیزیکوشیمیایی نشان داد که درصد رطوبت، چربی، ph، در تمامی پنیرهای پوشش داده شده کاهش، اسیدیته و سفتی بافت افزایش یافت. ارزیابی حسی پنیرهای فتای فراپالایش نشان داد که عطر، طعم و مقبولیت کلی پنیرهای پوشش داده شده در مقایسه با پنیر داخل آب نمک بهبود پیدا کرده است، در حالی‌که در پنیرهای پوشش داده شده حاوی اسانس به‌دلیل اثر منفی اسانس آویشن شیرازی بر خواص ارگانولپتیکی پنیر، مقبولیت کلی به‌طور قابل توجهی کمتر شد. جهت ارزیابی اثرات مهارکنندگی تیمارهای مختلف پوشش کامپوزیتی بر جمعیت لیستریا مونوسیتوژنزهای تلقیحی در پنیر فراپالایش، از آن‌ها فیلم تهیه شد و قدرت بازدارندگی فیلم‌های کامپوزیتی بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که فیلم‌های کامپوزیتی به‌ویژه فیلم‌های حاوی اسانس به‌طور محسوسی جمعیت لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز را با افزایش دوره نگهداری کاهش دادند. در نتیجه، فیلم‌های کامپوزیتی حاوی نانوذرات و اسانس آویشن می‌توانند در سیستم‌های بسته‌بندی مواد غذایی به‌ویژه برای پنیر فتای فراپالایش به‌کار گرفته شوند.

The effect of chitosan-whey protein based edible coating containing bionanocomposite material and Zataria multiflora essential oil on UF-Feta type cheese shelf life

Introduction: In recent years, the tendency to use antimicrobial edible film and coating has increased, which has increased the quality, safety and shelf life of food. Cheese is one of the most important dairy products that has a special nutritional value in human nutrition. UFFeta cheese, which is a type of cheese, is contaminated by microorganisms such as coliforms, sporeforming bacteria and lactosefermenting yeasts. The causative agent of listeriosis, Listeria monocytogenes, is transmitted through the consumption of cheese. In this study, the effect of composite edible coating based on chitosan and whey protein containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and Zataria multiflora essential oil on shelf life, microbial, physicochemical and sensory properties of UFFeta type cheese was investigated.  Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of films from coating solutions on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes was also investigated. Materials and Methods: Chitosan, whey protein isolate (WPI) (higher than 91% protein), Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO), TiO2 nanoparticles, and glycerol were procured from Bio Basic (Canada), Hilmar Canada, BarijEssence Co. (Iran), Acros Co. (USA), and Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. In order to prepare the coatings, a solution of WPI and chitosan was prepared separately. Whey protein suspension (3%, w/v) was made by dispersing WPI in DDW subsequently heated at 90°C for 30 min at pH value of 8.0 and then cooled rapidly. Chitosan solution (10 g/L) was made by dispersing chitosan in 2% (v/v) acetic acid solution with constant mixing for 3 h at 60°C. Based on preliminary experiments, whey protein–chitosan suspension was made using blending two polymer suspensions at constant ratio of WPI/chitosan (70:30) and mixed magnetically for 15 min at 25ºC. In the next step, TiO2 NPs (1 and 2% w/w) were incorporated and after mixing for 15 min, glycerol (30% w/w) was incorporated to the composite suspension and again stirred for 30 min. Next, ZEO (0 and 1% v/v) was incorporated into the composites suspension and sonicated for 30 min with power of 100 W.To produce cheese samples, milk was subjected to bactofogation, pasteurization (76°C for 15 seconds), ultrafiltration and then the retentate was homogenized at a pressure of 70 bars. By adding a starter culture (10 units /1000 L), the pH of the retentate was decreased to 6.2. Then, rennet (0.004 g/ 100 g) and salt (2 g/ 100 kg) were mixed with water and added to the cheese container. Retentate was transferred to a coagulation tunnel at 37 ° C for 30 minutes to form a coagulum.  After incubation, the coating solutions were sprayed on the clot using a spray device equipped with a spray gun and packed with aluminum foil. Finally, the samples were stored at 4°C. Samples were subjected to microbiological tests (contaminating microbes and starters), physicochemical (fat, titratable acidity, pH, and moisture content, texture analysis) and sensory evaluation at different ripening periods (3 to 60 days). To evaluate the growth inhibitory of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of cheese by composite films, pieces of cheese (23× 21× 1.7 mm) were first cut under aseptic conditions and their upper surface was inoculated with 40 μl of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC19115) until the initial bacterial count was about 3.5 log cfu /g. The composite films placed on the surface of the inoculated cheese and stored at 4°C. Filminoculated cheese samples were used as a control. Microbial counts were done at intervals of days 0, 3, 8, 11, 14. Data analyzed with SPSS software and means were compared with Duncan multiple range test. Results and Discussion: The results showed that TiO2 NPs and ZEO significantly reduced total bacterial count, lactic acid bacteria and coliforms compared to control with increasing storage period. Mold and yeast colonies also increased considerably over time in the control compared to the nanoparticletreated samples, while the While in treatments containing ZEO did not grow at all. Physicochemical analysis exhibited that the content of moisture, fat, and pH of all cheeses decreased, acidity and texture hardness increased. Sensory evaluation of UFFeta cheeses showed that the aroma, taste and overall acceptability of the control and nanoparticlecontaining coatings improved compared to the brinetreated cheese. Nevertheless, in the coating samples containing ZEO due to the negative effect of the essential oil on the organoleptic properties of cheese, consumer acceptance was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the use of composite films to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of UFFeta cheese at 4 °C for 14 days showed that composite films, especially films containing ZEO, had a significant effect on the reduction of the Listeria monocytogenes population. As a conclusion, composite films containing TiO2 NPs and ZEO could be applied in food packaging systems, particularly at the UFFeta cheese packaging.