evaluation of gamma radiation exposure and associated health risks for visitors in hormozgan's hot springs, iran

Introduction: naturally occurring ionizing radiation is present throughout the earth's environment, both on the surface, underground, and in the air. hot springs, renowned for their therapeutic benefits, are popular destinations for hydrotherapy worldwide. however, these hot springs often contain radon and other radioactive elements in their water, sediments, and surrounding soil, making them potential sources of radiation exposure. despite this, no prior research has assessed the radiation risks or estimated the annual effective doses to internal organs from hormozgan's hot springs. this study aims to measure gamma radiation levels in these hot springs to fill this critical knowledge gap.material and methods: in this cross-sectional study, radiation levels were measured using the raddigi 3000 c, a geiger-muller survey meter designed for environmental monitoring. readings were taken at a height of 1 meter above the water surface, with dose rates recorded hourly.results: our findings revealed that khest hot spring 3 exhibited the highest gamma radiation dose rate, with values ranging from 2.31 to 4.2 µsv/h (mean: 3.2 µsv/h, sd: 0.17). in contrast, momadi hot spring had the lowest recorded levels, ranging from 0.06 to 0.13 µsv/h (mean: 0.095 µsv/h, sd: 0.005). the results demonstrate that khest hot spring 3 presents a significantly higher gamma radiation risk compared to all other hot springs examined in this study.conclusion: this gamma dose rate is comparable to levels recorded in ramsar, northern iran, a region globally recognized for its elevated natural background radiation. to mitigate potential health risks for swimmers and local populations, regulatory measures and protective policies should be implemented by regional authorities.