سنخ‌شناسی قبایل عرب ساکن شام در دوران خلافت امام علی(ع)

معاویه، خون‌خواهِ خودخواندۀ عثمان، شام را به پایگاه سیاست‌های خویش تبدیل کرد؛ تا جایی که تمام شامات در برابر حکومت حضرت علی(ع)، عَلَم مخالفت برافراشتند و شامات سرزمینی یکپارچه اموی معرفی شد؛ اما گزاره‌هایی در تاریخ موجود است که این انسجام را تشکیک می‌کند. سوالی‌ در این بین وجود دارد: اجتماع شامیان‌ چه ترکیبی داشت و در اختلاف علوی اموی، چه موضعی گرفتند؟ این پژوهش که به روش توصیفی‌تحلیلی با تمرکز بر تقسیم قبایل به دو گروه قحطانی عدنانی سامان یافته است، شیوۀ رفتاری شامیان را در چهار سنخ دسته‌بندی کرده است: همراه، نیمه‌همراه، بی‌طرف/ خنثی و غیرهمراه. از‌جمله نتایج این پژوهش، شناسایی گروه‌هایی است که یا از ابتدا مطیع معاویه نبودند و یا آنکه پس از همراهی آغازین، در ادامۀ راه خود را از معاویه جدا کردند؛ امری که گزارۀ مشهور یکپارچگی و انسجام شامیان را زیر سوال می‌برد! این تقسیم‌بندی‌ در تحلیل عملکرد شامیان و گزاره‌های متشتت و متعارض متون تاریخی یاری می‌رساند و مورد استناد پژوهش‌های پسین دربارۀ رفتارشناسی شامیان، سیاست‌‌های معاویه و اموری از این قبیل است. نتیجۀ دیگر این پژوهش این است که در تمامی سنخ‌ها، چیرگی با قبایل قحطانی است.

typology of the arab tribes living in the levant during the caliphate of imam ali (as)typology of the arab tribes living in the levant during the caliphate of imam ali (a.s.).

abstractmuawiya, who proclaimed himself the avenger of uthman, established the levant (bilad al-sham) as the base for his political agenda. this allowed the levant to emerge as the stronghold of opposition against the caliphate of imam ali (as), paving the way for the rise of the umayyad dynasty. however, historical accounts suggest that the cohesiveness of the levantine community during this period may not have been as absolute as commonly portrayed.this research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, examined the composition of the levantine population and their positions in the alavi-umayyad dispute. by focusing on the division of tribes into the qahtani and adnani groups, the study categorized the behavior of the levantine people into 4 distinct groups: companions, semi-companions, neutrals, and non-companions. one of the key findings was identification of groups that were either not obedient to muawiya from the outset or later separated from him, despite the initial companionship. this challenged the prevalent narrative of a unified and unwavering levantine support for muawiya’s cause. this categorization could aid in analyzing the nuanced performance of the levantine population and reconciling the scattered and conflicting historical accounts. moreover, the research revealed that in all the mentioned groups, the qahtani tribes were dominant, shedding light on the internal dynamics and power structures within the levantine community during this pivotal period of islamic history. these insights can contribute to further research on muawiya’s policies, the alavi-umayyad conflict, and the sociopolitical landscape of the levant.keywords: imam ali (as), typology, levant/sham tribes, qahtanians, adnanians, muawiya.introductionhistorical accounts have often portrayed the levantine population as exhibiting a remarkable cohesion and unwavering political and intellectual unity in their support for muawiya’s cause. however, a closer examination of the available historical propositions suggests that the reality may have been more nuanced and complex.in this research, we undertook a systematic analysis of the levantine community by first identifying a sample of 80 arab tribes residing in the region. we then investigated the ancestral origins of these tribes, categorizing them as either qahtani or adnani. subsequently, we focused on the behavioral patterns of the tribes and their degrees of allegiance or opposition to muawiya, comparing the groups within the same geographical area while paying attention to the variations in their functions, conducts, and compositions.through this approach, we classified the levantine population into 4 distinct groups: companions, semi-companions, neutrals, and non-companions. the primary aim of this research was to critically examine the historical narratives regarding the demographics and tribal affiliations of the levant, as well as to shed light on the diverse responses and loyalties exhibited by the local population in their dealings with muawiya. by delving into the intricate sociopolitical dynamics within the levantine community, this study challenged the prevailing perception of a monolithic and cohesive levantine support for muawiya’s ascendancy. instead, it unveiled a more nuanced and heterogeneous landscape, where the levantine tribes displayed a range of responses, from unwavering loyalty to outright opposition and from conditional cooperation to complete neutrality. the findings of this research can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the alavi-umayyad conflict, muawiya’s policies, and the complex sociopolitical landscape of the levant during this pivotal period of islamic history.materials & methodsthis study utilized a typological approach to analyze the classification and behaviors of arab tribes inhabiting the levant during the period surrounding the life of imam ali (as) and the conflict with mu’awiyah.data sources:the primary data sources for this analysis were historical accounts and chronicles documenting the events and interactions of the various arab tribes in the levant during this time period.