بررسی نقش سیاسی و نظامی پهلوانان درحکومت آل مظفر

در اوضاع آﺷﻔﺘﮥ سیاسی‌اجتماعی پس از ﺣﻤﻠﮥ مغول و به‌ویژه پس از زوال ایلخانان (651تا736ق/ 1256تا1335م)، فضا برای ایفای نقش و کنشگری پهلوانان در عرصه‌های مختلف، در برخی مناطق ایران و قلمرو حکومت‌های محلی فراهم شد. در دورﮤ آل‌مظفر، همچون دوران ایلخانان مغول، پهلوانان نقش‌های گوناگونی ایفا کردند. پژوهش حاضر نقش سیاسی و نظامی پهلوانان را در حکومت آل‌مظفر (713تا795ق/1314تا1393م) واکاوی می‌کند. حکومتی که با سنت‌های پهلوانی پیوند نزدیک و نگاه مهربانانه داشتند. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی‌تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای، درصدد بررسی چگونگی ایفای نقش پهلوانان در زمینه‌های سیاسی و نظامی حکومت آل‌مظفر است. برخی از پهلوانان، فرماندهان نظامی قدرتمندی بودند که در رویدادهای داخلی و خارجی حکومت آل‌مظفر ایفای نقش می‌کردند. بعضی از این پهلوانان که مدتی در جایگاه فرمانده نظامی بودند، به حکومت شهرها رسیدند و گاه به چنان اقتداری دست یافتند که مدعی حکومت شدند و رویاروی آل‌مظفر قرار گرفتند. این قبیل نافرمانی‌ها از یک سو ضعف تشکیلاتی مظفریان را نمایان می‌کند و از سوی دیگر، نشان می‌دهد این پهلوانان با تاثیرگرفتن از فضای حاکم بر جامعه در قرن هشتم قمری/چهاردهم میلادی به رفتارهایی همچون تمرد علیه حاکمان، ریاکاری، خیانت و فریب‌کاری روی آوردند. عده‌ای از پهلوانان نیز، در کنار دیگر گروه‌های مهم اجتماعی، برای تامین امنیت سیاسی و اقتصادی حکومت آل‌مظفر تلاش کردند.

An Investigation of the Political and Military Role of Pahlavanan during the Rule of Ale-Muzaffars

Abstract During turbulent sociopolitical situations after the Mongol invasion and especially after the decline of the Ilkhanates (12561335 AD), the conditions were paved for a group of Pahlavanan (= Heroes) to act and play a role in some parts of Iran and the domains of local rules. Linked to the era of the Mongol Ilkhans, Pahlavanan acted out various roles during AleMuzaffars period. The present study examined the political and military role of Pahlavanan during the rule of AleMuzaffars (13141393 AD), who themselves were in close ties and connections with the Pahlavani traditions. Some of Pahlavanan were powerful military commanders who played a role in the external and internal events of AleMuzaffars. Holding the position of a military commander for a long time, some of them came to power in some provinces, and lastly, some gained so much power that claimed to rule and confront AleMuzaffars. Such disobediences indicated the structural weaknesses of AleMuzaffars on the one hand and showed that Pahlavanan, under the influence of the prevailing atmosphere of the society during the 8th century AH, inclined towards behaviours such as rebellion against rulers, hypocrisy, betrayal, and deception. Along with other groups, some of Pahlavanan played grounding roles in ensuring the political and economic security of the AleMuzaffars rule.   1. Introduction During varied historical periods and owing to characteristics such as courage, dauntlessness, physical prowess, supreme power, mastery of warfare, and military confrontation, Pahlavanan in some territories were considered by kings and rulers as those who sought military power to strengthen their rule and overcome their internal and external challenges. Additionally, because of moral codes known as ‘Pahlavani morals’, Pahlavanan were popular among people and they were expected not to be indifferent to the current conditions of their society. Since ancient times, Iran has been famous for having brave and famous Pahlavanan (heroes) who as headsmen were able to establish and seize rule and crown. Besides, in the numerous political ups and downs of Iranian history, and in facing local or regional political, economic and social turmoil as well as any chaotic condition, insecurity, oppression, injustice, people Pahlavanan not to be indifferent and take action to reduce the peripheral sufferings and improve the situations. During the mentioned historical period, the conditions were facilitated for Pahlavanan to play political, military, and social roles. AleMuzaffars with their Pahlavani roots, during their ruling span, in addition to foreign challenges such as war with neighbors to defend or expand their territories, wrestled with various internal problems including nationalism and rebellion of some commanders, rulers, and power claimants. During the reign of AleMuzaffars, many Pahlavanan raised within different castes and played a role in the political and military domains. The present study was set out to examine the political and military roles and functions of Pahlavanan during AleMuzaffars as well as the quality of their role in foreign and domestic events and analysed their influence on military and political conditions of the mentioned era.   2. Materials Methods  Generally, using the descriptiveanalytical research method and based on the main sources, this paper aimed to study Pahlavanan in the 8th century AH.   3. Discussion of Results Conclusions The presence and militarypolitical role of Pahlavanan as an important social group during the ruling span of AleMuzaffars were under the influence of ties between the ruling family, Pahlavani traditions, and the sociopolitical conditions of that time. Although some of AleMuzaffars rulers were valiant warriors and swordsmen, they relied on the support of some Pahlavanan in governing matters. Pahlavanan, because of their physical features and military potency, were assigned in positions such as the commander of the corps. Since the ruling span of AleMuzaffars was thoroughly full of foreign wars, the necessity of Pahlavanan presence for accompanying AleMuzaffars and playing a Pahlavani role in wars was an emergent and vital issue. Being assigned as the rulers of different districts was another focal role that Pahlavanan acted out during the mentioned era. Although some AleMuzaffars primarily chose the princes as the provincial rulers, in some cases and for probable reasons such as having the trust or the need for courage and military prowess, they assigned some of Pahlavanan as provincial rulers. Most of the provincial ruling Pahlavanan appeared as loyal servants of AleMuzaffars and despite regality, exchequer and relative independence remained allegiant and supported AleMuzaffars in their warpaths. However, some of these Pahlavanan, under the influence of the unsettled political and social conditions of that time, revolted against AleMuzaffars king. By committing wrongdoings such as betrayal, the seduction of women, participation in coups against the rulers, evil, looting, murdering, and abjuration, some of the mentioned ruling Pahlavanan indicated the severity of the decline of Pahlavani culture and characteristics. Additionally, influenced by the circumstances of that time, a vast range of focal moral, religious, cultural, and social values ​​of the Pahlavani culture including courage, chastity, decency, modesty, piety, fairness, justice, generosity, bountifulness, selfsacrifice, commitment, advocacy of justice, and faithfulness were pushed aside. Despite this, the ruling of Pahlavanan during the 8th century AH is a significant transformation in Iranian history. Another politically and socially important role assigned to Pahlavanan in the era of AleMuzaffars was to play an independent or participatory role in establishing security in the commercial roads of the cities. The rulers of AleMuzaffars, who initiated their ups and downs in gaining power with the responsibility of the surrounding roads of Meybod and Yazd, relied on the help of Pahlavanan to establish security in their territory. In addition to road safety, Pahlavanan, along with other groups present in the capital of AleMuzaffars like Koluha, played a major role in consolidating the political position of the government and establishing the security of Mozaffari’s throne and court. Amongst other important instances of such actions of Pahlavanan was the turning away of Pahlavanan and from Sheikh Abu Eshagh Inju and opening Shiraz gates in welcoming Amir Mobarez Aldin Mohammad Mozaffari. These roles of Pahlavanan have been repeated in the late of AleMuzaffars, and after two years away from the throne, supported by Pahlavanan and other groups, Shah Shojah owned the throne at Shiraz.