virtual geography vs political geography of cyberspace in iranian academia

Since the introduction of virtual space to iranian society, its function has always been controversial. the state remains continuously cautious about its control over the country. it has expressed concern about foreign interventions in virtual space, leading citizens to view it as a means of connecting to the global community, an opportunity for political engagement and social activism, and an accelerator of global connectivity. therefore, 'virtual space' is a significant issue for the iranian state and its citizens. although there is no clear distinction between their perspectives, and each showcases varying attitudes, it can be generally stated that there exists a contrast between academic views on this topic. this divergence is explicitly illustrated by the theories presented by scholars in communication and geography. in this paper, we will examine two distinct theories in iranian academia regarding virtual space: spatial duality and the political geography of cyberspace. by analyzing these theories within the geography framework, we will explore the reasons behind them, their implications and impacts, and their weaknesses, ultimately arguing for adopting virtual geography as a preferable alternative to the political geography of cyberspace. since the introduction of virtual space to iranian society, its function has always been controversial. the state remains continuously cautious about its control over the country. it has expressed concern about foreign interventions in virtual space, leading citizens to view it as a means of connecting to the global community, an opportunity for political engagement and social activism, and an accelerator of global connectivity. therefore, 'virtual space' is a significant issue for the iranian state and its citizens. although there is no clear distinction between their perspectives, and each showcases varying attitudes, it can be generally stated that there exists a contrast between academic views on this topic. this divergence is explicitly illustrated by the theories presented by scholars in communication and geography. in this paper, we will examine two distinct theories in iranian academia regarding virtual space: spatial duality and the political geography of cyberspace. by analyzing these theories within the geography framework, we will explore the reasons behind them, their implications and impacts, and their weaknesses, ultimately arguing for adopting virtual geography as a preferable alternative to the political geography of cyberspace.