تحول مفهومی ناسیونالیسم چینی و تاثیر آن بر تکوین سیاست خارجی توسعه‌‌‌‌گرا

یکی از مهم‌‌‌‌ترین فاکتورها در تعیین جهت‌‌‌‌ سیاست خارجی کشورها سبک و سیاق ملی‌‌‌‌گرایی در آن کشور است. در گفتمان سیاسی چین همانند بسیاری از کشورها گونه‌‌‌‌های متفاوتی از ملی‌‌‌‌گرایی وجود دارد. اما فقط یک گونه از ملی‌‌‌‌گرایی به جایگاه مسلط در سیاست خارجی چین رسیده است و به عنوان یکی از فاکتورهای تاثیرگذار به تکوین سیاست خارجی توسعه‌گرا عمل کمک کرده است. مقاله پیش‌‌‌‌رو با بررسی انواع ملی‌‌‌‌گرایی در چین در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که گونه مسلط ملی‌‌‌‌گرایی در چین چگونه به تکوین سیاست خارجی توسعه‌‌‌‌گرا کمک کرده است؟ در قالب نظریه سازه‌‌‌‌انگاری این فرضیه مطرح شده است که «دولت توسعه‌‌‌‌گرای چین ناسیونالیسم را به مسیر عمل‌‌‌‌گرایی سوق داده است و باعث تکوین سیاست خارجی توسعه‌‌‌‌گرا به عنوان یک برساخت سیاسی شده است.» نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که سیاست خارجی توسعه‌گرایانۀ چین هم ابزار و هم محصول تفسیر اقتصادی از ناسیونالیسم است که باعث رشد فزاینده شاخص‌های اقتصادی در چین شده است.

Conceptual Developments of Chinese Nationalism and its Impact on the DevelopmentBased Foreign Policy

Extended abstract IntroductionAfter the victory of communist revolution in China, Nationalism had been combined with communist teachings as result of cultural revolution at the Mao era. The outputs of mentioned process caused to formation of ideological and transnational principles in Chinese foreign policy. But after nearly three decades, People’s Republic of China has not achieved its foreign goals and faced with turmoil in domestic economy. Therefore, at the late of 1970s Beijing endeavored to improving their relations with the outside world, especially with the United States. Over the 1980sdecade transnationalism ideas replaced with pragmatist nationalism. These developments paved the way for control the nationalism narrative by China developmentoriented government. It is important to point out that one of the most important factors which influence states foreign policy is the kind of nationalism narrative. There are different kinds of nationalism in china’s political temporary discourse, but only one of them has taken dominant position in China’s foreign policy. The aim of this article is to analyze the conceptual developments of Chinese nationalism and its impact on the developmentoriented foreign policy. The research will examine main kinds of nationalistic attitudes in China and try to answer the following question: how do dominant narrative of nationalism contribute to construct the developmentoriented foreign policy in china? Developmental outlook of China has directed it to interpret and promulgate nationalism in a pragmatist way as well as along its developmentoriented foreign policy.MethodologyTo analyze above mentioned issues the authors used a research desk method; we used various international publications, like monographs, scientific articles, and statistical data. This research has written by descriptiveanalytic method and constructivism theory used as analytical framework.DiscussionResearchers owing to the goal of their research have classified Chinese nationalism from different perspectives. The authors of this article divided Chinese nationalism into three following categories: ethnical nationalism, liberal nationalism and pragmatism nationalism. The first one (ethnic nationalism) is usually defined as “to the process whereby a group or community that shares a common history, culture, language, and territory is persuaded to assert its identity in such a way that it acquires the authority to be in charge of its own affairs, usually through the creation of an independent state.” When ethnic nationalist interests are mobilized to achieve state interests, that is, state nationalism, a more assertive brand of nationalism tends to emerge. The second one (liberal nationalism) was introduced in the early twentieth century as a means to improve China through political and social reforms. It defines the nation as a group of citizens who have a duty to support and defend the rights of their state in the world of nationstates, but also to pursue individual freedoms. The third one (pragmatist nationalism) is a stateled and largely reactive, pragmatist nationalism does not have a fixed, objectified and eternally defined content, nor is it driven by any ideology, religious beliefs or other abstract ideas. This kind of nationalism is a form of nationalism that is more ready to compromise with the outside world for the sake of state interests. After Deng Xiaoping launched the reform pragmatist nationalism has taken significant foreign policy implications. China’s diplomacy began to serve economic development under the guidance of keeping a low profile and accumulating strength quietly. In addition, nationalism is becoming more influential within the government as it begins to overshadow communism and becomes the concept that draws the government and people closer to the economic objectives more effectively.ConclusionFacing chronic economic problems and acute political crisis at home and from a relatively weak geopolitical position abroad, the Chinese state took a pragmatic attitude toward nationalism and made sure that China’s foreign policy was not dictated by emotional rhetoric. The results of the article shows that China’s developmentoriented foreign policy has compelled Chinese ruling party to economic interpretation of nationalism which have led to impressive economic indexes so that will replace the US dominant economic status in third decade of new millennium.