مطالعۀ آزمایشگاهی تاثیر شکل نمونه بر شکست هیدرولیکی، تحت شرایط تنش سه محوره

شکست هیدرولیکی، یکی از مهم‌ترین روش‌های تحریک مصنوعی در سازندهایی با نفوذپذیری کم است. پارامترهای مختلفی مانند رژیم تنش ها، مقاومت کششی سنگ، مدول الاستیسیته، شدت جریان تزریق، نوع سیال شکست، ویسکوزیته سیال، فشار منفذی، مشبک‌کاری و تنش تفاضلی بر عملیات شکست هیدرولیکی تاثیر می گذارند. در بررسی‌های آزمایشگاهی، رژیم تنش‌ها و هندسه نمونه، از جمله عوامل مهم موثر بر شکست هیدرولیکی هستند. در این مقاله، پارامترهای مختلف عملیات شکست هیدرولیکی در 39 نمونه مکعبی سیمانی و 60 نمونه استوانه‌ای سیمانی تحت تنش‌های قائم و جانبی مختلف بررسی شده است. نتایج بررسی‌های آزمایشگاهی نشان داد، در هر دو نوع هندسه بررسی شده، تحت تنش تک‌محوره، با افزایش تنش قائم، ابتدا میانگین فشار شکست، افزایش و سپس کاهش می‌یابد. هم‌چنین، در نمونه استوانه‌ای تحت تنش سه‌محوره، با افزایش تنش قائم، ابتدا میانگین فشار شکست افزایش یافته و سپس کاهش می‌یابد و در تنش‌های جانبی بالاتر، روند نزولی میانگین فشار شکست سریع تر رخ می‌دهد.

Experimental Study of the Effects of Sample Geometry on Hydraulic Fracturing Under Triaxial Stresses

IntroductionHydraulic fracturing is one of the most important stimulation methods for oil and gas reservoirs with low permeability. Various factors, such as insitu stresses, joints and natural fractures of the formation, fluid rheology, mechanical properties of the formation, injection fluid flow rate and perforation operation, effect on the pressure and hydraulic fracture geometry. Many researchers have studied hydraulic fracturing behavior of rocks since decades ago. The researches have showed that hydraulic fracturing operations increase the production of oil wells by up to 30 percent and increase gas wells by 90 percent. Currently, this operation is performed on about 60% of all drilled wells.Material and methodsIn this research, for the experimental investigation of the hydraulic fracturing, considering the reservoir condition, 39 concrete cubic samples with 100 × 100 × 100 mm dimensions and 60 concrete cylindrical samples with a diameter of 54 mm and a height of 110 mm were constructed and the effect of the sample geometry and insitu stress field on the fracture geometry, breakdown pressure, the pattern of crack propagation and finally the cross fractures in vertical wellbores were investigated.Results and discussionIn cubic specimens under uniaxial stress, with increasing vertical stress to 8 MPa, first the breakdown pressure has been increased by about 132% and then with increasing vertical stress to 16 MPa, the breakdown pressure has been decreased by about 69%. In cylindrical specimens under uniaxial stress, with increasing vertical stress to 12 MPa, first the breakdown pressure increased by about 113% and then with increasing vertical stress to 16 MPa, the breakdown pressure decreased by about 6%. As the vertical stress increases to a certain limit, the pores and microcracks inside the sample close, thus the tensile strength and breakdown pressure increase. In the following, increasing vertical stress causes more small cracks to open and reduces the tensile strength of the rock. In cubic specimens under triaxial stresses, with increasing vertical stress, the breakdown pressure has been increased. Also, in cylindrical specimens under triaxial stresses as the maximum horizontal stress increased, the breakdown pressure increased.ConclusionThe obtained results demonstrated that increasing the uniaxial stress in the vertical wellbore in both types of studied sample geometry, first the breakdown pressure increases and then from one boundary onwards, with increasing vertical stress, the breakdown pressure decreases. In cubic specimens under triaxial stress, with increasing vertical stress, the breakdown pressure increases. Additionally, in cylindrical specimens under triaxial stresses as the maximum horizontal stress increases, the breakdown pressure increases, so that, in the 8 MPa maximum horizontal stress, the breakdown pressure increases by about 81%../files/site1/files/151/3.pdf