اندازه گیری سهم رشد و نابرابری در کاهش فقر (مطالعه موردی استان های ایران)

فقر این مسئله بنیادی پدیده ای چندبعدی است که همواره به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین آسیب های جوامع، ریشه گرفتاری ها و عقب - ماندگی های بخش عظیمی از کره زمین بوده و هست. تالش برای از بین بردن این معضل اجتماعی یکی از برجسته ترین اهداف رشد و توسعه اقتصادی است. اگرچه رشد تاثیر ویژه ای بر فقر و کاهش آن ایفا می کند اما بااین وجود نابر ابری و تاثیر آن بر رشد اقتصادی سهم تعیین کننده ای در منتفع شدن فقرا از رشد اقتصادی را داراست. اگرچه در روند رشد اقتصادی آنچه باعث کاهش فقر می گردد افزایش میزان درآمد خانوار است اما از دیگر سوی توزیع درآمد بین خانوارها باید به گونه ای باشد که فقرا نیز از ای ن رشد بهره مند گردند. ازاین رو توجه همزمان به رشد اقتصادی و کاهش نابرابری می تواند نتایج مطلوبی در راستای کاهش فقر ایجاد کند. لذا هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی سهم رشد و نابرابری و برآیند آن ها در کاهش فقر است که با استفاده از شاخص فقر سن، روش تجزیه فقر کاکوانی و متد ریاضیاتی متفاوت برای استان های ایران، طی دوره زمانی 97 -1384 موردمحاسبه قرارگرفته است. نتایج مطالعه حاکی از آن است که در استان یزد هر دو اثر درآمدی و اثر توزیعی در یک راستا و به نفع فقرا عمل کرده و منجر به کاهش فقر گشته اند این در حالی است که در استان های کرمانشاه، خراسان رضوی، اصفهان و زنجان وضعیت توزیع درآمدها و میانگین درآمدها به نحوی یکدیگر را خنثی کرده عمل کرده که تقریبا اند به این صورت که میانگین درآمدها افزایش یافته و فقر را کاهش داده اما از دیگر سو نابرابری افزایش یافته و منجر به افزایش فقر گشت ه است؛ اما وضعیت در استان البرز متفاوت است به نحوی که باوجود این که کاهش میانگین درآمدها فقر را افزایش داده اما بهبود وضعیت توزیع درآمدها نه تنها آثار منفی سهم درآمدی را از بین برده است، بلکه درنهایت منجر به کاهش فقر گشته است. لکن در استان های گیلان، خوزستان، فارس، همدان، چهارمحال و بختیاری، لرستان، تهران، قم، خراسان شمالی، سیستان و بلوچستان اثر توزیعی و اثر درآمدی در یک راستا بر فقر تاثیر گذاشته و باعث افزایش آن گشته اند؛ و در سایر استان ها وضعیت توزیع درآمدها به گونه ای تغییر کرده که علی رغم افزایش میانگین درآمدها، منجر به افزایش فقر شده است.

Determining the Contribution of Growth in Income and Inequality in Reducing Poverty in Iran (A ProvinceBased Case Study)

INTRODUCTION Poverty is a fundamental multidimensional phenomenon which has always been and is one of the most important detriments to societies and the root of the problems and hindrances of most parts of the world. Efforts to eliminate this social problem are one of the most prominent goals of economic growth and development; and despite economic growth in underdeveloped or developing countries, this problem persists. .Although growth in income, as one of the macroeconomic variables, has a significant effect on poverty and its reduction, but the existence of inequality and its effect on economic growth plays an important role in benefiting the poor from economic growth. In the process of economic growth, what reduces poverty is an increase in household income; thus, the distribution of income among households should be such that the poor also benefit from this growth. Therefore, economic growth is not sufficient to eliminate poverty on its own, and its effect on poverty is not the same at different times and places, and the manner in which the benefits of growth are distributed is significant as well. Inequality and poverty are two completely different concepts, but they are deeply related. Therefore, paying attention to economic growth and reducing inequality can have good results in reducing poverty. In recent decades, societies that have focused on both economic growth and reducing inequality have been much more successful in reducing poverty. In this regard, to understand the effects of economic growth on poverty, it is necessary to distinguish between the effects of economic growth on poverty and the effect of inequality on poverty. Then, the change in the poverty index is broken down into a change in average incomes and changes in income inequality to properly determine the contribution of income and inequality in poverty decrease.   METHODOLOGY in the present study, the effects of income and inequality and their resultant on reducing poverty in the provinces of Iran over a fourteenyear period, from 2004 to 2018, have been determined using the Sen Index, the Kakwani method, and various mathematical methods.   FINDINGS As confirmed by our study results, both income effects and inequality effects had performed in favor of the impoverished in the province of Yazd and led to poverty reduction, while in Kermanshah, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, and Zanjan the income effects and inequality effects have somewhat neutralized one another. In other words, even though the increase in the average income reduced poverty, the increased inequality led to increased poverty. On the other hand, the situation in the province of Alborz was considerably different. In this province, although decreasing the average income increased poverty, the improvement in income distribution not only eliminated the negative effects of the income share, but also reduced poverty. However, the income effects and inequality effects had moved in the same direction in Gilan, Khuzestan, Fars, Hamedan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Tehran, Qom, North Khorasan, and Sistan and Baluchestan, to increase poverty. Finally, in other provinces, the distribution of income has changed in a way that despite the increase in average incomes, poverty increased.   CONCLUSION Therefore, as the research findings show, poverty has decreased in only a few provinces during the period under review. And the inequality effects and the income effects, or both, have led to increased poverty. Therefore, in order to reduce poverty, economic growth and reduce inequality must be given much attention.