اختیارات استانداران و تمرکززدایی در حقوق ایران و فرانسه

استانداری از همان بدو تاسیس (سال 1800) در فرانسه و 1316 در ایران، نماد دولت و یکپارچه کننده ادارات در استان و ضامن وحدت دولت و ملت بوده است. طی دهه اخیر، برخی از استانداران و مقامات عالی رتبه ایران، بارها ادعا کرده اند که اختیارات استانداران برای انجام وظایف، کافی نیست. این پژوهش با روش تطبیقی به دنبال آن است که تحوّلات نهاد استانداری و اختیارات آنها در قبال نهادهای اداری مستقر در استان را در فرانسه و ایران با یکدیگر مقایسه نماید. به علت گستردگی موضوع، اختیارات استاندار و تراکم زدایی به پژوهش دیگری موکول می شود. یافته های تحقیق، بیانگر آن است که اختیارات استانداران در ایران در قبال نهادهای غیرمتمرکز محلی با کمبود و کاستی مواجه نیست؛ بلکه فزونی اختیارات و نظارت های گسترده استانداری در قبال این نهادها، نیاز به اصلاح عمیق دارد تا توان و پتانسیل استانداران عمدتاً به هماهنگی نهادهای اداری بی شمار مستقر در حوزه استان تراکم زدایی شود. از دیگر یافته‌های مهم این پژوهش آن است که منصب استانداری پیچیده و مبهم و چاره کار، انطباق پذیری و ابداعات دائمی و نه افزایش اختیارات حقوقی است.

the authorities of governors and decentralization in iranian and french law

introduction since its establishment in france in 1800, the governorate has served as the state’s high representative and the guarantor of the unity of the state and the nation within the territorial boundaries. later on, the iranian legislature also adopted the fundamental principles of the french governorate system. these principles were incorporated into iranian legal and political literature through two key laws: the country divisions law of 1937 (1316 s.h.) and the law on determining the authority of governors enacted in 1960 (1339 s.h.). the primary purpose of this institution is to represent the central government at the local level and to coordinate administrative departments in implementing the government’s public policies.there is an ongoing concern about how the division of duties and authorities has evolved over time. in recent years, high-ranking officials in iran—including the president, ministers, and governors—have officially highlighted the inadequacy and imbalance between the authorities and responsibilities of governors, calling for an expansion of their powers. however, two key issues remain somewhat unclear. first, it is not precisely defined which specific jurisdictions are limited in terms of the governor’s authority. second, the strategies adopted by iran’s central government to create a better balance between central and local powers have yet to be clearly articulated. relying on a comparative analysis, the present research aimed to examine the new role of governors under french law, where it enjoys a relatively balanced position. it tried to compare the french system with the legal norms in iran and to propose a more effective model for enhancing the accountability of governors in implementing the central government’s public policies in iran. the analysis focused specifically on the outcomes of decentralization and its impact on the authorities and duties of governors. with the support of various legal texts and by adapting to evolving practical procedures, governors exercise a new form of authority over non-centralized sectors—those subject to deconcentration. this is an area where the french innovations are largely absent from iranian law. the research sought to address the following questions: is there a need to expand the authority of governors in the context of iran’s non-centralized system? if so, in which areas and through what means and instruments should this authority be expanded?literature reviewin the persian legal literature, there is a noticeable lack of comprehensive sources that examine the authority of governors within the processes of decentralization and deconcentration. yet there are a few relevant studies. for example, in the article “a review of local governance organization in iran: legal and administrative challenges and solutions,” shams (2017) focused on the historical development of administrative styles in iran and explained the factors driving iranian officials toward centralization. the article titled “a comparative introduction to the territorial decentralization in iran” (aghaei toogh, 2018) explored three key elements of local decentralization in iran and france: legal personality, the general competence of local decentralization authorities in france, and the elective nature of decentralization authorities in both countries. while both studies provide valuable insights, their points of focus differ significantly from the current research.materials and methodsthe current research began with an analysis of legal texts, as they form the foundation for understanding the principles that govern deconcentration processes. several key laws and regulations that had contributed to deviations from previous frameworks were examined and evaluated.