دموکراتیک سازی اداره: فرصتی برای احیای دموکراسی مستقیم

دموکراتیک سازی اداره که به مفاهیم دموکراسی سازمانی و دموکراسی در محل کار شباهت دارد، لازمه طبیعی یک نظام سیاسی دموکرات و مصداقی از حق مشارکت عمومی، موضوع ماده 21 اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر است. هدف پژوهش انطباق دموکراسی مستقیم بر اداره به قصد اعمال دموکراسی در اداره یا تبیین ویژگی های اداره دموکراتیک است. روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است، مولفه های دموکراسی مستقیم و اقتضائات اداره توصیف و برهم کنش این دو تحلیل می شود. مولفه های دموکراسی مستقیم (برابری ارزشی- حقوقی، تکثرگرایی، مشارکت و نظارت همگانی، تضمین و ترویج حقوق بشر، اجماع محوری، وجود مجمع عمومی و حاکمیت قانون) از طریق ایجاد مجمع فراگیر کارمندان، تصمیم گیری با روش اجماع، تقویت باور به لزوم مشارکت در امور میان کارمندان و ایجاد مقررات لازم در مجمع با رعایت قواعد عالی تر حقوقی یعنی حفظ حرمت دموکراسی نمایندگی، ممکن است. منتها این ها مستلزم اعمال تغییراتی در اداره است و مشخصاً با ساختار سلسله مراتبی قابل جمع نمی نماید یا حداقل بجای زیست دموکراتیک، به تمرین دموکراسی به بهای تولید بروکراسی زاید می انجامد.

democratization of administration: an opportunity to restore direct democracy

introductionin the field of public law, democracy creates a clear boundary between the political and administrative layers of the government. the model of democracy is applied in the political layer, while the administrative layer operates based on meritocracy and specialization. democracy often remains behind at the door of the administration, mostly under the pretext of quality, complexity, expertise, and delegation (zweifel, 2005). as a result, the legitimacy of the administration becomes questionable. moreover, the shortcomings of representative democracy have raised serious concerns about the democracy in the political layer. one proposed solution is the restoration of direct democracy. the main objective of the present study was to adapt the components of direct democracy to the specific needs of public administration, thereby facilitating the application and restoration of democracy in this domain. furthermore, the study tried to identify the components of direct democracy and analyze the demands of the administrative system. the central question is: how can direct democracy be applied within public administration?the underlying hypothesis suggests that the democratization of administrative processes is both plausible and achievable, just as democracy has been successfully integrated into businesses, political parties, governmental bodies (e.g., parliaments), and non-governmental organizations (ngos). through a series of gradual reforms, there is a strong potential to shift democracy from being merely a political ideal to becoming an integral part of everyday life.literature reviewthere is extensive research on the outcomes of democratization of private organizations. much of this literature owes to the effort of scholars in management science. these studies often revolve around key terms such as organizational democracy and workplace democracy, with a primary focus on improving human resource factors. for instance, in “organizational democracy and employee outcomes,” ahmed et al. (2019) examined the positive effects of participatory management practices, evaluating their potential to reduce employee turnover, increase commitment, improve competence, boost job satisfaction, and enhance overall efficiency.materials and methodsadopting a descriptive–analytical method, the present study first identified and described the components of direct democracy and the requirements of administration. then, a comparative approach was used to analyze the relationship between the components.results and discussiondemocracy is often seen as a means to achieve socio-economic goals within the organization (bilge et al., 2020). organizational democracy entails the continuous and inclusive participation of employees in organizational affairs, influencing the organizational culture rather than the inherent relation dynamics (weber et al., 2023). however, there are two significant gaps in the existing literature. first, there is a noticeable lack of studies that position direct democracy as the organization’s primary objective or ultimate value, while exploring a comprehensive methodology for its implementation. second, the contextual emphasis tends to overlook the legal aspects involved in democratically managing administration. the democratization of administration is closely related to the concepts of organizational democracy and workplace democracy. it represents a key requirement of a democratic political system and serves as an example of the right to public participation, as outlined in article 21 of the universal declaration of human rights (udhr). in political societies, there are significant indicators of a declining public interest in representative democracy, including reduced voter participation and a waning desire to join political parties. in response to these trends, experts advocate for strengthening mechanisms of direct democracy, akin to a revival of athenian democracy.