اثرات محلول‌پاشی سیلیکات پتاسیم و نانوذرات (سیلیسیم+ روی) در مراحل مختلف رشد و نمو بر عملکرد کمی و غنی‌سازی دانه برنج (oryza sativa l.)

سیلیس و روی در بین عناصر غذایی نقش کلیدی در بهبود تغذیه و افزایش رشد گیاه برنج دارند. به‌منظور انجام این تحقیق، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و با 3 تکرار در مزرعه شخصی واقع در شهرستان بابل، طی سال‌های 97-1396 و 98-1397 اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل محلول‌پاشی در سه سطح (سیلیکات پتاسیم، نانواکسید سیلیسیم و نانواکسید روی) به‌عنوان عامل اول و مراحل رشد و نمو در پنج سطح ](t1: ابتدای پنجه‌دهی +t2)، (t2: اواسط پنجه‌دهی +t3)، (t3: t4+t5)، (t4: اواخر پنجه‌دهی)، (t5: خوشه‌دهی کامل)[ به‌عنوان عامل دوم درنظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان دادند که هیچ‌یک از صفات مورد مطالعه تحت اثر سال زراعی قرار نگرفتند. حداکثر عملکرد دانه با محلول‌پاشی نانواکسید سیلیسیم (7733 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و نانواکسید روی (7498 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‌دست آمد، که به‌ترتیب به‌خاطر افزایش تعداد کل خوشه‌چه و درصد خوشه‌چه پر (به‌ترتیب 142.0 خوشه‌‎چه و 95.53 درصد) و افزایش تعداد کل پنجه و وزن هزار دانه (به‌ترتیب 19.73 پنجه و 26.80 گرم) بود. بالاترین میزان عملکرد دانه (7716، 7700 و 7492 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و درصد خوشه‌چه پر (94.83، 94.72 و 93.89 درصد) به‌ترتیب تحت تیمارهای t1، t2 و t3 به‌دست آمد. بیشترین غلظت سیلیس و روی دانه به‌ترتیب با محلول‌پاشی نانواکسید سیلیسیم تحت تیمار t1 (3.97 درصد) و نانواکسید روی تحت تیمار t2 (21.67 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم) به‌دست آمد.

Effects of Foliar Application of Potassium Silicate and Nanoparticles (silicon + zinc) in Different Stages of Growth and Development on Quantitative Yield and Grain Enrichment of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Introduction: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the three major food crops worldwide. Approximately 50% of the world’s population uses rice as a staple food. Silica and zinc among nutrients play a key role in improving plant nutrition and increasing rice growth, so that a lack of these elements reduces growth and consequently reduces yield. Also fortifying rice with silicon and zinc can correct deficiencies of these elements in humans who consume rice. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the private farm located in Babol (North of Iran) during the years 201718 and 201819. Measured values of electrical conductivity, soil acidity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, zinc content and soil texture for the first and second years were 2.33 dS m1 and 1.27 dS m1, 7.48 and 7.26, 3.27 % and 2.16 %, 0.32 % and 0.21 %, 11 mg kg1 and 6 mg kg1, 320 mg kg1 and 238 mg kg1, 0.96 mg kg1 and 0.89 mg kg1, Clay and Clay, respectively. The treatment included three levels of foliar application (Potassium silicate, Silicon nanoxide, and Zinc nanoxide) as the first factor and five levels of developmental stages (T1: beginning of tillering + middle of tillering + late of tillering + end of panicle emergence, T2: middle of tillering + late of tillering + end of panicle emergence, T3: late of tillering + end of panicle emergence, T4: late of tillering and T5: end of panicle emergence) as the second factor. Results and Discussion: The results showed that none of the studied traits were affected by the year. Maximum grain yield was obtained by foliar application silicon nanoxide (7733 kg ha1) and zinc nanoxide (7498 kg ha1), which was, respectively, due to increasing the total number of spikelets and the percentage of filled spikelets (1420.0 spikelets and 95.53%, respectively) and increasing the total number of tillers and 1000grain weight (19.73 tillers and 26.80 g, respectively). The highest grain yield (7716, 7700 and 7492 kg.ha1) and the percentage of filled spikelets (94.83, 94.72 and 93.89%) were obtained under T1, T2 and T3 treatments, respectively. By foliar application of silicon nanoxide and zinc nanoxide, the highest biological yield (19213 and 18986 kg ha1, respectively) and, the highest grain silica concentration (3.13%) and grain zinc concentration (15.97 mg kg1) were recorded. The minimum 1000grain weight (24.11 and 24.00 g), the maximum total number of spikelets per panicle (143.1 and 143.2 spikelets) and the highest concentration of grain silica (3.00 and 2.97%) were obtained under T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. However, the highest total number of tillers per hill and the highest number of grain were obtained under T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. The interaction between treatments showed that the maximum total number of spikelets per panicle was obtained by foliar application of potassium silicate under T1 treatment (151.5 spikelets) and foliar application of silicon nanoxide under T2 treatment (153.3 spikelets). Also, the highest concentrations of silica and zinc in grain were obtained by foliar application of silicon nanoxide under T1 treatment (3.97%) and zinc nanoxide under T2 treatment (21.67 mg kg1), respectively. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, we found that grain yield increases with the application of nanoparticles as well as foliar application during crop growth and development. In order to enrich rice grains, foliar application of nanoparticles in the middle of tillering, late of tillering and end of panicle emergence is also necessary.