بررسی عملکرد و راندمان مصرف آب در گیاه دارویی چای ترش (hibiscus sabdariffa l.) در منطقه مشهد

به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد و راندمان مصرف آب در گیاه دارویی چای ترش (hibiscus sabdariffa l.)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 94-1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به‌صورت کرت‌های نواری در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی عبارت بودند از: مدیریت تغذیه به‌عنوان فاکتور افقی (کود شیمیایی، کودگاوی، کود گاوی+کود شیمیایی و شاهد) و مدیریت آبیاری به‌عنوان فاکتور عمودی (30، 70 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه چای ترش). نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (84.68 سانتی‌متر)، تعداد شاخه جانبی (6.56 عدد)، عملکرد خشک غوزه (860.1 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، زیست‌توده (7197 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، شاخص برداشت و حداکثر راندمان مصرف آب به‌ازای عملکرد غوزه و زیست‌توده (به‌ترتیب 0.11 و 0.89 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب) گیاه در شرایط کاربرد تلفیقی کود گاوی+کود شیمیایی مشاهده شد. تامین 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه باعث حصول حداکثر ارتفاع گیاه (91.46)، تعداد غوزه‌ی شاخه اصلی و جانبی (به‌ترتیب 20.06 و 47.50 عدد)، عملکرد غوزه (672.7 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و زیست‌توده (6944 کیلوگرم در هکتار) شد. نتایج اثرات متقابل حاکی از آن بود که مصرف هم‌زمان کود گاوی و شیمیایی با تامین 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه توانست تعداد شاخه جانبی، عملکرد غوزه خشک و زیست‌توده را به بالاترین مقدار افزایش دهد. حداکثر راندمان مصرف آب به‌ازای عملکرد غوزه و زیست‌توده (0.18 و 1.49 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب) با مصرف تلفیقی کود گاوی+شیمیایی به همراه تامین 30 درصد نیاز آبی حاصل شد. به‌طورکلی، نتایج حاکی از آن بود که مصرف تلفیقی منابع تغذیه‌ای و تامین 100 درصدی نیاز آبی گیاه اکثر صفات گیاه چای‌ترش را بهبود بخشید.

Yield and Water Use Efficiency for Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a Medicinal Plant in Mashhad Condition

Introduction: Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a member of Malvaceae family is a subtropical medicinal plant. This plant is selfpollinated and sensitive to cold. Bolls of Roselle are used in food and pharmaceutical industries. One of the most important purpose to achieve high quality and quantity yield is evaluation of nutritional systems and irrigation management for plants. The use of chemicals in the production of medicinal plants in addition to environmental pollution, decreases the quality of drug. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture, by replacing organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers, increasing the efficiency of inputs such as water, and fertility and soil health, preserving the environment and increasing product quality and protect resources. Drought stress is one of the most important problems in crop production in arid and semiarid regions of the world. Effective management of nutrition and irrigation and planting of drought resistant plants is one of the effective proceeding to increase water use efficiency in semiarid regions. Roselle is relatively droughttolerant plants, so that cultivation of this plant is common in Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran. So, studying the ecological and agronomic needs of this plant in new areas is important. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and yield components of this plant in response to application of nutritional resources and irrigation management.Materials and Methods: In order to study the yield and water use efficiency for Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), an experiment was conducted with 12 treatments as strip plot based on complete block design with three replications at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in year 20142015. Experimental factors included: nutritional management in four levels (chemical fertilizer, cow manure, cow manure+ chemical fertilizer and control) and irrigation management in three level (30, 70 and 100% of water requirement of Roselle). Roselle seeds were planted in seedling trays at greenhouse in February 2014. Then seedlings transferred to field in last April 2015. The distance between rows and plants were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. Chemical fertilizer (150, 100 and 200 kg.ha1 Triple super phosphate, Potassium sulfate and Urea, respectively), and cow manure (32 ton.ha1) were used at depth of 30 cm. Then, different water requirement of Roselle is determined and the water volume of irrigation will be recorded in each irrigation cycle by the contour, furthermore, water use efficiency was calculated. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using of Minitab Ver.16. Also, means comparison were compared by Duncan multiple range test at 5% level.Results and Discussion: Results indicated significant effects of treatments on most of the traits of Roselle. The maximum plant height (89.3 cm), number of lateral branch (6. 6 number), dry sepal yield (860.1 kg.ha1), biomass yield (7197 kg.ha1), harvest index (11.9%) and water use efficiency based on bolls and biomass yield (0.11 and 0.89 kg.m3) of Roselle obtained in cow manure + chemical fertilizer treatment. Also, providing of 100% of the plant’s water requirement induced the highest height (91.5 cm), number of bolls on main and lateral branch (20.0 and 47.5 number), sepal yield (672.7 kg.ha1) and biomass yield (6944 kg.ha1) of Roselle. Combined application compared to single application of nutritional sources increased 16, 18, 35, 20 and 20%, respectively, height, number of lateral branches, bolls yield, biomass yield and harvest index of Roselle. Furthermore, results of interaction effects showed that application of cow manure + chemical fertilizer with providing of 100% of the plant’s water requirement obtained the maximum number of lateral branch (8.5 number), bolls yield (934 kg.ha1) and biomass yield (7920 kg.ha1) of Roselle. The highest amount of water use efficiency based on sepal and biomass yield (0.2 and 1.5 kg.m3) obtained by application of cow manure + chemical fertilizer and providing of 30% of the plant’s water requirement.Conclusions: Totally, results showed that combined application and providing of 100% of the plant’s water requirement improved the most traits of Roselle. Also, combined application of nutritional sources decreased water consumption and increased water use efficiency.