ارزیابی صفات مورفولوژی و عملکرد گیاه دارویی مرزه بختیاری تحت تاثیر تراکم و کودهای آلی در شرایط دیم

به‌منظور بررسی صفات مورفولوژیک و عملکرد گیاه دارویی مرزه بختیاری (satureja bachtiarica) تحت تاثیر کودهای آلی و تراکم‌های مختلف در شرایط دیم، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات مرتع همند دماوند در سال‌های زراعی 1397-1396 انجام شد. کود آلی شامل سه سطح کود دامی پوسیده 30 تن در هکتار، کاه گندم فرآوری شده با سولفات آمونیوم10 تن در هکتار و شاهد (بدون کود) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و تراکم بوته شامل سه سطح تراکم 26666 و 40000 و 80000 بوته در هکتار به‌عنوان عامل فرعی محسوب گردید. صفات اندازه‌گیری شده شامل ارتفاع بوته، سطح تاج پوشش، تعداد شاخه اصلی، عملکرد ماده خشک اندام‌های هوایی، درصد وزن خشک نسبت به وزن تر گیاه و درصد رطوبت نسبت به خاک خشک در عمق‌های 0-20 و 20-40 سانتی‌متر بود. نتایج بیانگر تفاوت معنی‌دار تیمارها در صفات اندازه‌گیری شده بود. در میان صفات اندازه‌گیری شده اثر کود آلی و تراکم بر ارتفاع بوته،سطح تاج پوشش، تعداد شاخه‌های اصلی، عملکرد ماده خشک در سطح 1% معنی‌دار شد. بررسی اثر متقابل سال، کود آلی و تراکم نشان داد، بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک اندام‌های هوایی (426 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به مصرف کود دامی و تراکم زیاد در سال دوم و بیشترین مقدار ارتفاع بوته و تعداد شاخه اصلی به‌ترتیب 34 سانتی‌متر و 29 عدد در تیمار کود دامی و سال دوم مشاهده گردید. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد درک موفقیت در استقرار و تحمل کامل گیاه در شرایط دیم به‌واسطه صفات اندازه‌گیری شده و نیز رطوبت بسیار کم خاک در برداشت محصول سرشاخه گلدار، با متوسط بارندگی حدود 340 میلی‌متر در سال و استفاده از کود دامی و تراکم زیاد می‌تواند به افزایش عملکرد اقتصادی گیاه مرزه بختیاری در سال دوم کشت، منجرگردد.

Evaluation of Morphological Traits and Yield of Satureja bachtiarica Affected by Density and Organic Fertilizers under Dryland Farming Conditions

IntroductionSavory plant (Satureja bachtiarica) belonging to the Lamiaceae family and the genus Satureja is considered as a valuable medicinal plant. Flowering branches are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. This plant is native of Iran and grows well in the western, southwestern and central regions of Iran. Cultivation of permanent medicinal plants adapted to the dryland farming conditions of each region can be the best option for alternative annual cereal cultivation. Establishment of permanent medicinal plants, while creating suitable vegetation, can prevent erosion caused by repeated annual plowing. One of the main pillars in sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in crop ecosystems with the aim of eliminating or significantly reducing the harms of chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers help to human health and environment. Also it is absolutely evident the importance of their application to medicinal plants that are directly related to human health. In dryland farming condition, plant density is an effective strategy to improve plant yield, which depends on climate and rainfall. At optimum density, plants make the most of environmental factors such as light, moisture, and nutrients. Plant density per unit area is one of the important factors in creating competition among plants. The appropriate distance between planting rows and between plants on the row are usable growth space of each plant. Proper density is one of the important factors in the success of dry farming of medicinal plants. Therefore, achieving proper density in different areas is very important.Materials and MethodsAn experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Homand rangeland research station of Damavand in 2017 and 2018 in dryland farming conditions. Organic fertilizer as a main factor included three levels of cattle manure (30 tons ha1), wheat straw (10 tons ha1) enriched with ammonium sulfate, and control (no fertilizer). Plant density included three levels of 26666, 40000, and 80000 plants ha1 as a subfactor. Measured traits included plant height, canopy area, number of main branches, shoot dry matter yield, percentage of dry weight to fresh weight of plant, and percentage of moisture to dry soil at 020 and 2040 cm depths. Analysis of variance was performed using SPSS software. The statistical significance of differences in mean values was assessed by Duncan’s multiple range test.Results and DiscussionThe results showed significant differences between treatments in measured traits. Among the measured traits, the effect of organic fertilizer and plant density on plant height, canopy area, number of main branches, shoot dry matter yield were significant at 1% level. The interaction effect of year, organic fertilizer and plant density showed that the highest of shoot dry matter yield (426 kg ha1) was related to cattle manure application and high plant density in second year. The highest plant height and number of main branches were observed 34 cm and 29 numbers, respectively in treatment of cattle manure and second year. Organic fertilizers increased the storage capacity of soil moisture and created suitable conditions for growth and increased the biological Satureja bachtiarica yield. Improving soil structure and nutrients and better root growth increased plant growth and yield due to the use of organic fertilizers. The plant density due to higher plant per unit area, plant competition, optimal use of available space, and also establishment and more plant growth in the second year increased significantly the Satureja bachtiarica yield.ConclusionsThis study showed that understanding the success of establishment and full tolerance of this plant under dryland farming conditions and the minimum soil moisture in the cold semisteppe region (Damavand) with an average rainfall about 340 mm per year and also the use of cattle manure and high plant density can increase the economic yield of Satureja bachtiarica in second year of cultivation.