ارزیابی صفات کمی و کیفی نعناع‌فلفلی (mentha piperita l.) در چین‌های اول و دوم تحت تاثیر کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای شیمیایی، نانو و مایکوریزا

به‌منظور بررسی اثر کودهای مختلف بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی نعناع فلفلی (mentha piperita l.)، آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات در زمان بر پایه طرح بلوک‌ کامل تصادفی با هفت تیمار و سه تکرار و در دو چین در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه در سال زراعی 1396 اجرا شد. عامل اصلی تیمارهای مختلف کودی شامل 100 درصد کود شیمیایی npk، قارچ مایکوریزا (glomus mosseae)، قارچ مایکوریزا+50 درصد کود شیمیایی، نانو کود (ماکرو+ میکرو)، 50 درصد نانو کود+50 درصد کود شیمیایی و نانو کود+ مایکوریزا و عدم مصرف کود (شاهد) و عامل فرعی زمان برداشت (چین اول و دوم) بودند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه‌ی جانبی در بوته، شاخص کلروفیل، وزن خشک برگ، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن کل ماده خشک، درصد اسانس، عملکرد اسانس و صفات کیفی اسانس بودند. نتایج نشان دادند که صفات ارتفاع بوته، شاخص کلروفیل، وزن خشک برگ، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن کل ماده خشک و درصد اسانس تحت تاثیر معنی‌دار اثر متقابل نوع کود و چین در سطح احتمال یک درصد قرار گرفتند. علاوه بر این، اثر تیمارهای مختلف کوددهی و چین بر تعداد شاخه‌ی جانبی و عملکرد اسانس به‌ترتیب در سطح احتمال پنج و یک درصد معنی‌دار بودند. بیشترین عملکرد کل ماده خشک (382.6 گرم در مترمربع) به تیمار 100 درصد کود شیمیایی و به‌دنبال آن در تیمارهای 50 درصد کود شیمیایی+ مایکوریزا و 50 درصد کود شیمیایی+ 50 درصد نانو کود در چین دوم به‌دست آمد. از سوی دیگر، بیشترین (6.1 گرم در مترمربع) و کمترین (2.9 گرم در متر مربع) عملکرد اسانس نیز به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای 50 درصد کود شیمیایی+ مایکوریزا و شاهد به‌دست آمد. تجزیه شیمیایی اسانس نشان داد که در تمامی تیمارها منتول، منتون، 1،8 سینئول، نئو ایزومنتول، نئو منتول، منتوفوران و پیمنسیکاین9 اُل جزء ترکیب‌های غالب اسانس بودند. بیشترین میزان منتول در تیمار نانو کود و در چین دوم به‌دست آمد. علاوه‌براین، در هر دو چین مونوترپن‌های هیدروکربنه جزء اصلی اسانس بودند. به‌طور کلی نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد تلفیقی 50 درصد کود شیمیایی+ 50 درصد نانو کود و 50 درصد کود شیمیایی+ قارچ مایکوریزا می‌تواند در بهبود کمیت و کیفیت اسانس نعناع فلفلی و کاهش کودهای شیمیایی موثر باشد.

Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of the First and Second Cuttings of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under the Influence of the Integrated Application of Conventional, Nano Fertilizers and Mycorrhizal

Introduction;         In order to protect biodiversity, especially medicinal herb, and crude herbal drugs from the wild origin, Biological Diversity Act (2002) and Rule (2004) were enforced which compelled the herbal industries and medicinal plant growers for conventional cultivation of medicinal herbs. However, intensive cultivation of these medicinal herbs and herbal drugs to meet the global demand has led to aggravated use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and consequently questioning their safety and integrity. Moreover, total fertilizer nutrient (N+P2O5+K2O) consumption was estimated at 170.7 and 175.7 million tons in 2010 and 2011, respectively which estimated consumption of N, P, and K fertilizers is expected to increase from current consumption levels by 172%, 175%, and 150%, respectively by 2050. Excessive using of chemical fertilizers caused serious environmental issues globally such as reduction of plant diversity, instability of economic yield, an increase of pest and disease damages, intensification of soil erosion. These increasing concerns regarding the negative impacts of these systems on the environment and human health suggest that more effort is needed to develop sustainable agricultural systems with higher productivity and improved efficiency. Application of nanofertilizers and biofertilizers such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) is regarded as one of the promising approaches to increasing crop productivity. Nanomaterials (NMs) are defined as materials that with at least one dimension less than 100 which can improve one or more nutrients absorption for plants and enhance their growth and yields. The AM fungi are a fundamental group of soil microorganisms, symbiotically associated with nearly 80% of plant species.;Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), which is a hybrid between Mentha spicata and Mentha Aquatica belonging to a family, Lamiaceae, is one of the most important essential oilbearing plants. The objective of this experiment was an evaluation of the quantity and quality traits of peppermint under the integrated application of chemical and nanofertilizers and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.;  Materials and Methods;In order to investigate the effects of different fertilizers on the quantity and quality of peppermint at the first and second cuttings, a field experiment study was carried out as splitplot in time based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications and two cutting times at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, in 2017. The main factor was different fertilizer treatments included no fertilizer (control), chemical fertilizer (CF), arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) (Glomus mussels), 50% CF+ AMF, Nanofertilizers (NF), 50% NF+ 50% CF, NF+ AMF and the subfactor was cutting time (first and second cutting). In AM fungi treatments, 80 g of the soil containing mycorrhizal fungi hyphae and the remains of the root and spores (1000 g spore.101 g soil) was added to soil in planting times. Also, Nitrogen Nanofertilizer used with 2 ml/L concentration. Moreover, phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc Nanofertilizers applied with 1 g.L1 concentration. Furthermore, manganese Nanofertilizer used in 0.5 g/L concentration. Additionally, the foliar application of Nanofertilizers was carried out in twostage (One month after the cultivation and one month after first cutting).;  Results and Discussion;The results demonstrated that the highest total dry matter yield (382.6 g.m2) was achieved under 100% CF followed by 50% CF+ AMF and 50% NF+ 50% CF treatments, respectively. On the other hand, the highest (6.1 g.m2) and lowest (2.9 g.m2) essential oil yield were obtained under 50% CF+ AMF and control, respectively. Chemical analysis of the essential oil demonstrated that in all treatments, menthol, menthone, 1, 8 cineole, neoiso menthol, neomenthol, Menthofuran, and pMenth1en9ol were the main dominant components. The highest amount of menthol was obtained in nanofertilizer treatment and at the second cutting. Furthermore, monoterpene hydrocarbons were the major fraction of the essential oil in both harvests.;  Conclusions;Based on the results, integrative application of 50% CF+ AMF and 50% CF+ 50% NF had a higher significant impact on the morphological traits compared with other treatments. The highest dry matter yield was achieved in the second cutting with the application of CF that was not significantly impacted with 50% CF+ AMF and 50% CF+ 50% NF treatments. Also, the highest essential oil content was obtained the integrative application of 50% CF+ 50% NF that was 7.1% higher than CF in the first cutting. In addition, the essential oil yield productivity increased 198% with application of 50% CF+ AMF and 50% CF+ 50% NF compared with control. Based on the essential oil compounds, the highest (46.31%) and the lowest (26.73%) content of menthol was recorded in the second cutting fertilized with NF and first cutting fertilized with CF. Generally, based on the obtained results, integrative application of AMF and NF with 50% CF increased the quality and quantity productivity of peppermint compared with 100% CF.;