بررسی خسارت نفع‌محور ناشی از نقض قرارداد در کامن‌لا و حقوق ایران

نقض تعهدات قراردادی و خسارت‌های ناشی از آن، یکی از عمده‌ترین مباحث در حوزۀ حقوق قراردادها است. این نقض می‌تواند به صورت‌های مختلفی مانند عدم اجرای تعهد، تاخیر در اجرای تعهد، و تسلیم کالای معیوب پدید آید. در نظام کامن‌لا شیوه‌های مختلفی برای مقابله با نقض قرارداد معرفی شده که مهم‌ترین آن‌ها پرداخت خسارت است. خسارت در یک تقسیم‌بندی کلی به دو دستة خسارت نفع‌محور و زیان‌محور تقسیم می‌شود. اصلی‌ترین نوع خسارت ناشی از نقض قرارداد، خسارت انتظار و اعتماد است که در دستة زیان‌محور قرار می‌گیرد و هدف آن جبران زیان خواهان است. اما خسارت نفع‌محور به منافع خوانده که از نقض تعهد به‌دست آورده توجه دارد، نه به زیانی که خواهان در نتیجة نقض متحمل شده، و هدف آن محروم کردن خوانده از منافع یادشده است. مقالة حاضر در صدد معرفی این نوع خسارت در نظام کامن‌لا و بررسی مختصر وضعیت آن در حقوق ایران است. در بحث اخیر خواهیم دید که این نوع خسارت در قلمرو محدود و تاجایی که بتوان برای طرف غیرناقض ملکیتی نسبت به نفعِ رسیده به طرف ناقض درنظر گرفت، قابل‌پذیرش است.

A Study of Gain-Based Damages for Breach of Contract in Common Law and Iranian Law

Breach of contract and damages for it are among the main discussions in the law of contracts. The breach might occur in several ways such as nonperformance of contract, delay in performance and delivery of defective goods. Common law system has developed different remedies to face with the breach, the most important one of them is damages. In a general division, damages are divided into two groups: lossbased damages and gainbased damages. The most important kind of damages for breach of contract are expectation and reliance damages which fall within the lossbased damages group and seek to compensate the plaintiff. Gainbased damages, however, aimed at the benefits received by the defendant from his breach and not at the loss suffered by the plaintiff as a result of the breach, and are designed to deprive the defendant of those benefits. The article tries to introduce this remedy in Common Law system and to give a brief account of its position in Iranian law. The distinguishing feature of gainbased damages is that it does not pay attention to the plaintiff´s loss and whether the interest or value of the plaintiff asset has been transferred to the defendant assets, but to the profits that violator of the contract has received from his wrongful behavior.Different bases have been mentioned for this damages but the best and most important of them is deterrence. It means that this damages prevents a defendant from profiting from doing wrong and ensures that both the defendant and the others who might be in a similar position are deterred from committing that type of wrong behavior  where profit might be a motive or encouragement.There are two methods for measuring this kind of damages: objective measure and subjective measure. The former pays attention to the objective value of the profit received by the defendant. According to the latter measure, the defendant must disgorge the actual profits he has received through the breach of contract.There are limitations and conditions such as factual causation, legal causation and foreseeability for demanding gainbased remedy. Especially remote profits cannot be demandable and &but for& test normally applied in this regard.The study shows that this kind of damage is acceptable in a narrow scope in Iranian law and to such an extent that it is inconsistent with the proprietary right of the innocent party.