خشونت خانگی علیه زنان؛ مطالعۀ تطبیقی سنت زن‌برادرستانی و خواهرزن‌ستانی از منظر حقوق و فرهنگ

خشونت خانگی علیه زنان از مهم‏ترین خشونت‏هاست. خشونت‏دیدگی عواملی گوناگون دارد، ولی گاه طی فرایندی در بستر فرهنگی شکل می‏گیرد. برای نمونه، برخی رفتارها که بر ‏پایۀ معیارهای حقوقی و جرم‏شناختی خشونت‏آمیزند، در بستر فرهنگی، بهنجارند. پرسش اصلی این مقاله با تکیه بر عامل فرهنگ این است که از دیدگاه حقوقی، آیا بهنجار شمرده شدنِ رفتاری خشونت‏آمیز در فرهنگی خاص، وصف خشونت را زایل می‏کند؟ به این منظور در مطالعه‏ای کیفی با روش نمونه‏پژوهی، الگوهای ازدواج زن‏برادر ستانی و خواهرزن‏ ستانی در گیلان تحلیل شد. یافته‏ها نشان دادند این الگوهای ازدواج که از طرف اعضای جامعة محلی بهنجار محسوب می‏شوند، زنان را با آسیب‏هایی مواجه می‏کنند. بنابراین، جز در مواردی که طرفین بر ‏اساس رضایت واقعی و مبتنی بر تصمیمی آزادانه ازدواج می‏کنند، بر ‏پایۀ دو معیار اجبار و ضرر، سنت فرهنگی یادشده می‏تواند از نظر حقوقی مصداق خشونت باشد. در این شرایط موثرترین راهکار برای رفع خشونت، تغییر الگوهایی فرهنگی است که دیگر کارکرد لازم را در جامعه ندارد.

Domestic Violence against Women: A Comparative Study of Levirat and Sororat from the Perspective of Law and Culture

Violence is not just a legal concept, it is also a social and psychological concept that sometimes needs to be analyzed in a multidisciplinary approach for a deeper understanding. Various social, political, and economic factors are responsible for the violence, but in some cases the violence is purely cultural. Violence against women has several types that most notably is domestic violence. Previous studies have shown that violence against women is not only influenced by individual (biological and psychological) factors, but sometimes by the cultural context. In fact, culture, which by its nature should facilitate the problems of (women) life, sometimes becomes a cause of harm or problems. For example, some behaviors that are considered violent according to legal and criminological criteria, are normal in the cultural context, and women and local society members have also accepted them as a norm. In this article, domestic violence against women was analyzed based on the factor of culture. The main question is “Does the normalization of violent behavior in a particular culture, remove the legal and criminological character of violence?” To answer this question, in a qualitative study with a case study method, the marriage patterns of the Levirat and Sororat in Guilan were analyzed. The findings showed that this pattern of marriage, which has cultural support and is commonplace by the family and members of the local community, imposes multiple harm to women. Therefore, from a legal point of view, such a cultural tradition can be an example of violence, except in cases where the parties are factual free to marry. According to the experiences of the samples, those patterns of marriage legally and criminologically are considered as a violence. Violence is not a subjective matter. Violence is violence, even if it be considered normal in the cultural context of a community. It seems when violence is created and supported in the context of culture, the most effective solution to it is to change cultural patterns that no longer have the necessary function in society.